Failure of Spanish Armada

In May 1588, the Spanish Armada left the Portuguese port of Lisbon, headed for England with to a greater extent than 130 ships. Since their discovery of the New World almost 100 years before, the Spanish had built one of the wealthiest and most powerful empires on earth. poove Philip II of Spain wanted to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England for both political and religious reasons. Elizabeth had assisted the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands to overthrow Spanish rule in the region. She in addition had been allo come throughg position pirates called privateers to attack Spanish treasure ships returning from the New World.What only added fuel to the fire were the religious disputes between a Catholic Spain and a Protestant England, whose national church had split from the Catholic Church after the excommunication of Henry VIII in 1535. Outnumbered and outgunned, the English defeated the Spanish Armada in a series of unforgett equal naval encounters. The serendipitous regul art of the English mastery over the Armada changed the balance of world power. It would have never been possible without happenstance occurrences like, death, weather, and new(a) naval designs and strategies.Just months before Phillips Armada was launched, Don Alvaro de Bazen, Marquise of Santa Cruz, died of typhus in January. Santa Cruz had been a veteran leader and a naval captain uncomparable in confidence and skill at the time. He was a narcissistic, avaricious, and cruel man these qualities made him the ideal naval commander. It was said that only four passel attended his burial, and his death was regretted by no one. (Martin 146) If he had non passed, Santa Cruz wouldve been the ideal admiral for the mission because he was so widely respected and was impulsive to die for his country without a second thought.One who knew Santa Cruz said he was a grizzled veteran of Lepanto, withdrawered to take on the whole English navy at the word of the index. The English would never have had a chance at victory over the Spanish Armada led by much(prenominal) a solid and able soldier. The replacement for Santa Cruz was chosen by King Philip II himself. He chose Don Alonso Perez de Guzman, the Duke of Medina Sidonia. Medina Sidonias qualifications to lead the Armada were lackluster. While the Duke had a coarse subsistledge of naval technique, he lacked combat stupefy.However he was the head of one of Spains most ancient and aristocratic families, and King Philip II thereof saw Medina Sidonia as the seemingly perfect leader for his Armada because he was the head of such a respectable family. (Martin 147) Yet no victories bolstered his pedigree. When the Duke received the letter from the King asking him to lead the Armada, it wasnt a surprise however. Since the very early exhibits of planning for the Armada, Medina Sidonia had been there and was already well briefed.As if portending his failure, he wrote a series of letters to King Philip II stating that he d idnt want the job. One of his reasons included in the letter was for I know by the small experience I have had afloat that I soon become seasick (Martin 149) Acknowledging that he was not fit for the job and that his qualifications did not add up to those necessary for the Armada to succeed, Medina Sidonia conceded that furthermore this force is so great and the undertaking so important, that it would not be right for a person like myself, possessing no experience of sailing or war, to take charge of it.I have no doubt that his Majesty will do the favor which I humbly beg, and will not entrust me to do a task of which certainly, I shall not give a good account for I do not understand it, know nothing about it, have no health for the sea and have no money to spend upon it. (Martin 147) The king merely overlooked the Dukes rendering as improper humility. What the King was oblivious to was that Medina Sidonia had written a second letter two days later, where he claimed that the whol e endeavor was ill-conceived and damned almost too inevitable failure. Martin 148) The king never heard this argument because the second letter had been intercepted by two councilors of state. In response they wrote do not impress us with fears for the fate of the Armada, because in such a cause God will make sure it succeeds (Martin 148) They besides threatened the Duke, byword that if he didnt follow through with leading the Armada they would show the world the letter and he would have been charged with treason. Against his will and only because of moral pressure, redundant persuasion, and blackmail did Medina Sidonia accept the title captain general of the ocean sea.It wasnt enough that Medina Sidonia was the completely wrong person to lead the Spanish Armada, he didnt even believe that the invasion had any chance of being successful and thought of it as a complete waste of time. His defeatist thinking combine with poor leadership and lack of sea experience created a deadly concoction of laziness and lost hope. The launch of the Armada was no surprise to England because the Spanish had not meant to keep it a secret in hopes that Elizabeth would surrender even before the fleet was launched. With plenty of warning, England did its best to gather a large enough naval force, but it was never enough.At first glance the Armada dwarfed the English Navy in both size of ships and numbers. With this in mind English commanders believed they would have to win the war with their long-range guns they would attempt to sink the Spanish ships one at a time from a safe distance. The Armada, which carried a large number of punk rock and well-trained soldiers armed with swords and muskets, planned to use their advantage on any English ships that got too close and the Spanish commanders intended to pull it alongside with grappling maulers and send the soldiers on board capture it. (Anderson 24) As is very common in battle, the plans going into battle are often changed ba sed on the atypical circumstances that can unfold. Both sides predictions on tactics that would help them win, were wrong. The English belief that they would sink the Spanish ships from a safe distance was faulty because the guns at the time were tough to aim and too unpredictable to do any real harm. (Martin 53) Nonetheless most of the English privateer boats could fire off shots tierce times faster than Spanish ones.They also could carry more cannons because they didnt have to waste much space carrying food and other resources since the battles happened just miles off their home sliding board. While the Spanish intended to pull alongside with grappling hooks and send soldiers on board to capture the ship, English ships were too immediate to be caught in this way by the large Spanish galleons, with wide hulls and heavy cargoes. (Anderson 24) After suffering small losses in the battle that unfolded in the English Channel the Armada moved on with the plan.The Armada was to sail to the Netherlands on the coast near Dunkirk. At the time the Netherlands was under Spanish control, and the vast majority of Spains most trained soldiers were stationed there. Spanish troops in the Netherlands were under the command of the Duke of Parma, a well-known and respected military leader but also the nephew of King Philip II himself. In the next stage of the kings plan, the Armada was to pick up Parmas array from the beaches near Dunkirk, and escort them across the bear to England. Anderson 26) This stage had a problem Spanish ships were not made for shallow water. They were heavy and deep in the water. The Armada could not get close to the beaches because the waters around the coast were so shallow. In addition, the Dutch rebels aided by Elizabeth controlled the shallow waters off the coast of the Netherlands. This ruined the possibility of Parmas troops being able to sail out and join the Armada without severe casualties. Realizing this, the English took advantage of the wind, and sent eight small burning ships directly at the Armada in hope of create chaos.The Spanish mistaking these for hellburners, vessels loaded with gunpowder and other explosives that could kill thousands, broke formation, cut their anchors, and sailed away without picking up Parmas troops. (Anderson 27) These two occurrences during battles helped lead to English victory, but both occurrences couldve gone either way if simple things like nimble and smaller ships were used by the Spanish or if Parmas Army was picked up at a different location. The outcome of the entire invasion could have been different.After Phillips Armada failed, he said I sent my Armada against men, not Gods winds and waves. It wasnt privateer long-range cannons that sunk most of the Armadas ships, or those eight hell burners sent by Charles Howard, leader of the English fleet. It was a combination of bad decisions, strong winds, and the unforgiving coast of Ireland. By August 21, 3,000 men were sick and t he Armada was too badly damaged to return to the channel and fight the English fleet. (Anderson 32) The leaders made up their mind and decided instead to make an attempt to sale home to Spain and save as many another(prenominal) ships as they could.The route they chose was to go West around the northern coast of Scotland and Ireland. Detailed directions were given to each vessel, and each was warned take great heed lest you radiate upon the island of Ireland, for fear of the harm that may happen on to you upon that coast. (Anderson 32) This last desperate attempt was the worst decision of the entire voyage. Both the vessels and the sailors had come outfit with instruments for a coastal voyage through the English Channel, not an open ocean journey into dangerous and unfamiliar waters.In the end, two thirds of the men in the Spanish fleet lost their lives, 25 or more Spanish ships lay splintered on the coast of Ireland. (Anderson 32) If equipped with the proper instruments and bles sed with better weather, the Spanish may have made it back to their homeland with minimal casualties. When word of the disaster reached Spain, it crushed the Kings hope and temporarily shook his credit that God was on his side. He ordered that prayers for the Armadas success be canceled. He also sent letters to bishops asking for churches to thank God that not everything had been destroyed.Only months earlier when planning the invasion, Philip had wondered whether the Armada should be launched in the winter. Although the risk was high, he had the up most trust that God would provide good weather, and he even went as far as to say since it is all for His cause, God will send good weather. (Spanish Armada) Philip had sent his fleet in the hit of God, but instead sheer chance had prevailed, and left the weather-tossed Armada splintered and trashed on the rocky coast of Ireland.King Philip II was one of the most powerful people in the world, and the loss of his Armada wasnt just a mil itary defeat. It drained all of Spains funds and soldiers and set the stage for the loss of Spains world power. It also served as a constant reminder of how the Catholic Church was slowly losing influence and power throughout Europe and the world. The serendipitous event of the English victory over the Armada changed the balance of world power. It would have never been possible without happenstance occurrences like, death, weather, and new naval designs and strategies.

Reaction Paper to Jose Rizal film

The movie told us closely the life story of Jose Rizal, the Philippine national hero. The three-hour epic of the life and struggles of Rizal cover his life from childhood to death at the hands of the Spaniards. The film showed flashbacks showing Pepe as his nickname, is a genius, a writer, a doctor, an artist, a lover, a friend, a companion and a son. The movie introduced us to the life of the Filipino people under the rule of the Spanish friars.The life of the people in that time was not easy. They were frame to obey every law, every rule and every word of the Spanish friars and government even if the leaders were already oppressing their rights. The colonizers abused them in different ways. redden the Catholic Church used their powers to get what they want. Spain thought that they terminate fool everyone.It was shown in the movie how Rizal inspired the Filipinos to fight for their right. By writing his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, many Filipinos opened their eyes to what is really happening in their country. It led to the founding of Katipunan that aimed to revolt against Spaniards.The freedom we experience today, we owe it all to our heroes who fought for our motherland, either by weapons or by pen. Because of this movie, I did recognize the bravery of the people who gave their last breath with PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE in their mind. I learned so much about the past and its importance to our situation today. We may not be under any colonization now, but most of us argon forgetting who we really are and what are we capable of. We are forgetting that WE ARE FILIPINOS.I hope that it is not only me whose patriotism and nationalism was revived by watching the movie. I hope that Rizal can still continue to inspire us to strive hard and finish our studies and to be educated by any means, either rich or poor. Because the much you know, the more you are equipped with knowledge which can defend you and even your country someday.

Income Inequality

Currently on that point atomic number 18 many problems and flaws with the management the Canadian political sympathiess policies deal with healthc ar, income inequality and impoverishment. Time to time changes in policies have been made, perhaps to improve these issues, however, the gap between rich and poor keeps increasing and on that point is very little improvement in healthcargon and the economy. In fact, healthcare keeps on becoming costly. Major issues manage income inequality and poverty are non be taken care of by the presidential term. According to Dr. Raphael (2002) poverty is ca utilise by several reasons such as inequality in peoples income, list little mixer run and lack of other social supports (p. VI). He states, Poverty directly harms the health of those with get-go incomes patch income inequality affects the health of all Canadians done the weakening of social infrastructure and the destruction of social cohesion. (Raphael, 2002, p. VI)Income inequal ity and poverty are interrelated with the way judicature structures policy decisions in its social and stinting sphere (Raphael, 2002, p. VI). Dr. Raphael (2002) similarly claims that the health effects of poverty is strongly related to income inequality and poverty because societies that has high takes of poverty is bound to be economically unsymmetrical (p. 4). Canadas regimen policies are inefficient in preventing income inequality and poverty. We do non get to see the whole picture as to how the Canadian presidency ignores and/or fails to provide religious services in all parts of Canada who requires improvement of healthcare, prevent income inequality and poverty. People who are living in urban areas are extensively lack access to healthcare.The population in rural areas of Canada are lower than the population in urban areas. As a result, the government provides less healthcare in rural, northern and remote areas (Hay, Varga-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. III). I believe govern ment is able to do this because people in cities knows less and/or cares less close to people living in rural and remote areas. And perhaps government purposely ignores these people in rural areas. For decades aboriginal people living in these areas has been deprived of their rights whether it was healthcare, social assistance, jobs and access to daily needs and services.These aboriginal people often face issues such as poverty and occupational hazards (Hay, Varga-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. III). The reason these problems total is because government policies are non implemented properly in these areas and the health care professionals in these areas are alike non trained properly and thither are less staff members workings at these rural areas (Hay, Varga-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. V). There are shortages of doctors and nurses. There is less community health services in these areas. likewise these areas are purposely given less funding by government and private organizations (Hay, Varg a-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. V). The reports are not being prepared accurately for these areas and government does not make enough efforts to evaluate these reports properly (Hay, Varga-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. V). Some of the major healthcare services are lacking, such as major trauma, mental health services, moderating care, aged care, dental health services and children with special needs. In most areas these services are not offered and sometimes culturally and linguistically they are not available (Hay, Varga-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. V).This nitty-gritty that in many cases a patient has to travel a great distance in order to get these services and this means spending a great deal of money from their own pocket and if they do not have it, they have no choice but to fetch no services or care (Hay, Varga-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. 25). in like manner womens healthcare is a significant issue in rural areas. They have difficulties with giving births as in that respect are not enough medically trained doctors for deliveries in rural areas (Hay, Varga-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. 25).They often rely on family physicians and physicians trained in anaesthesiology to have deliveries done. Also there has been many closers of hospitals in these rural areas. As a result, now women too have to travel a great distance to have their deliveries done by a professional. Some women have to reach cities 1 month prior to their delivery and pay all their own expenses (Hay, Varga-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. 25) Because of all these hospital closures and shaved services now there are problems with surgical procedures and pharmacists.Most of the doctors and pharmacists does not stay long in these areas. They leave the community and return to cities (Hay, Varga-Toth, Hines, 2006, p. 26) Also these rural areas do not receive much care for alcohol problems and HIV/AIDS. These services are poorly served. Aboriginals are in addition not given proper genteelness in how to prevent these diseases (Hay, Varga- Toth, Hines, 2006, p. 26). These are some major issues that government fails to address or as it seems they choose purposely to ignore because these issues has been going on for decades.The government should be a bit responsible with making better policies and taking expert advices constantly to improve the policies. That is why we pay high taxes and high toll for goods and services, so that the government should be always on their toe and working hard to make sure we get better and efficient policies. Policies that would help reduce inequalities and poverty in Canada. There are problems in cities too regarding healthcare access. Access such as emergency services, diagnostic equipment and medical specialist are problematic (Soroka, 2007, p. 15). Wait times get longer and longer each class (Soroka, 2007, p. 5). For example, a 50 year old women would have to wait 6 months for her biopsy, a 65 year old man who needs hip replacement has to wait 6-12 months for the surgery (Soroka, 200 7, p. 15). There are also delays and lack of service for home care for senior citizens and elderly mentally challenged people. According to author Soroka (2007) 87 percent Canadians claim that there is a great amount of lacking in the number of doctors and nurses (p. 16). This happens because government is failing to provide more money to hire more doctors and nurses (Soroka, 2007, p. 16).Yet, the government brings in many immigrant doctors and nurses based on their gentility who still can not visualize a job in Canada. So it seems that even when there is qualified doctors and nurses available, they government is failing or not investing enough amount of money to hire them. According to Green and Milligan (2007) the gap between Canadas rich and poor has increased significantly from year 1980 to 2000 (p. 3). The study shows that rich and poor are heading in different directions at an extreme level where the top 1% earners and CEOs only getting richer while middle and the poor only gets poorer (Green & Milligan, 2007, P. ). As an example Green and Milligan (2007) shows that during 1980 to 2000 top 5% Canadian earners earned closely $121,260 disposable income where as the bottom 5% families had only $3,104 as disposable income (p. 3). This means that the top earners had 39 times high income bottom 5% earners (Green & Milligan, 2007, p. 3). The study suggests that the Canadian governments used income tax policies in order to widen this gap of inequality between rich and poor (Green & Milligan, 2007, p. 4).Green and Milligan (2007) states, In 2000, the top 10% of income earners had a disposable income of approximately $97,000. Thats 16 times more than the average of $5,900 earned by the bottom 10% of income earners. (P. 7) While top earners income rose, the bottom earners income remained the same (Green & Milligan, 2007, p. 7). Also in a Globe & Mail newspaper article author Tavia Grant (2008) points out that an average earner in the year 2005 earned about $41, 401 which is almost the same as an average earner 1980 who earned $41,348 (p. 2).Therefore, it is evident that the poor and less advantaged are being kept at the same level of income and resources, while expenses and prices of goods and services has always gone up. As a result, it is the middle and the poor class who suffers by pay the price unfairly, because their income never increase and also their income stayed at the same level for 20 years. According to Grant (2008) 11. 4 percent lives below low income which is considered a poverty line (p. 3). Also immigrants in Canada earn way less then a Canadian born doer.Statistics show that immigrant men earned 63 cents for each dollar a Canadian-born worker earns (Grant, 2008, p. 3). In general, women earn about 85 cents for every dollar men earn (Grant, 2008, p. 3). Lower income deprives basic needs of human life, it leads to depression and it also leads to poverty sometimes. According to Mikkonen & Raphael (2010) Canadas richest nei ghbourhoods residents on average, live four years more than the poorest neighbourhood (p. 12). Their study finds that the most deprived Canadians had 28% higher death rates than the least deprived Canadians.Also health issues are a major concern because the poor has far more health issues like heart attacks and diabetes (Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010, p. 12). They lack resource and information. The poorest neighbourhoods also have a much higher suicide rate (Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010, p. 12). Therefore, in Canada it is evident that income inequality is not being addressed by government policies, it is depriving and affecting the poor and the immigrants, and it is also making them vulnerable where it becomes really difficult to climb out of their situation.Swedens government has a different policy for income inequality and poverty. As author Palme (2006) indicates that Swedens government is doing well in promoting reduction in poverty and inequality (P. 16). Swedish government has a univer sal model of social protection. This social protection externalize reaches out to venerable people in both rural and urban areas. This plan protects womens labour force, aging population, all kinds of workers and salary based employees (Palme, 2006, p. 16). The plan also combines both public and private sector where improvement is necessary. There are three basic parts o this program. First, family support and old-age pension program which comes under citizenship benefits. Secondly, for different sectors of society there is a universal scheme which is the social earning insurance. Finally, there is housing benefits and social assistance in which income is verified and tested for families with elders and children (Palme, 2006, p. 16). By using these tactics the Swedish government has been successful in step-down overall inequalities to some extent (Palme, 2006, p. 16). Our government has somewhat similar policies for social services and assistance.However, Sweden pushes the boundar ies in making the policies better and providing better services to its citizen. Perhaps Canadian government should also look to other countries and/or advices, it does not have to be Sweden, but they should at least try and find different policies that flora better for Canadians. One of the major crisis that the Canadian middle and the working class is facing today is coming out of the 2008 world wide recession. Minimum profit is still very low compared to the rising prices of goods and expenses. During the recession people lost jobs, hours were cut and a lot of people were laid off.In order to snuff it and pay their bills, a lot of low income Canadians had no choice but to borrow and acquire huge amounts of debts. However, most of the top earners and CEOs kept the same paycheques that they were earning forward the recession, while the working class took and are still taking most of the financial blow (CBC News, 2011). This makes their lives even more difficult. Therefore, much o f countries capital money is go at the top, the vast middle and working class does not have the purchasing power to keep the economy flowing. For a short term endeavor I would like to propose tax reforms.Tax reforms that is going to reduce taxes for middle and the working class. Also provide a wage support. Increase marginal income tax on the top earners and limit their earnings. There are a lot of elites and CEOs in Canada who are fortunate and skilled enough to earn a very high income. For example, if someone is earning $500, 000 or $5 million a year then they should pay much higher income tax than what they are paying now. Their tax money should be used not only to evenly distribute, but they should be used to better health services, education, social services and transportation.This way it will not only circulate the money back to middle and working class but it will also help families and individual lift in their life. This helps society as a whole. There are several reasons why government should accept my policy rather than accepting others policies. It is common palpate that first and the most important basic need for human is being stable mentally and physically. To maintain this stability you need food, shelter, health, clothing and most significantly education.When people are deprived of these basic needs because of poverty or less income, then the outcome might only be negative consequences and there also might be a social crisis. A society cannot function and/or improve without meeting these basic needs. A society also cannot improve without better education, better healthcare and better social assistances. Therefore, government of Canada should look to invest in poor and hard working people with low income, by providing their basic needs and by educating them in different areas of the policies we have and how to get help from different social assistance programs.Perhaps the government should also take public opinions, discussions and ideas int o consideration while making major decisions and policies because its the peoples problems that they need to address and the only way to address them is to find out first hand what the real problems are, and what are the best means by which the government can provide efficient and helpful service to the public.The government should also improve income distribution and tax policies. I believe there is no better investment than investing in every person in society and government should focus on improving human capital. In the long run, investing in improvement of human capital improves society and earth as a whole.

Alaska-Does Its Oil Save our Nation

A territory is a large extent of work that belongs, or is chthonian the jurisdiction of a certain government. It can also refer to a piece of land that is at a distance from the parent country or from the government itself (www.brainyquote.com, 2008).The certain places called territory are important to the groups of people that inhabit them due to several reasons. It is because territory means power and its role in securing nationhood, protection and prosperity is a key for their survival (City, 2008).The concept of territory can be linked to ethnic races, nation, and states. Ethnic territories are only available to a certain race of people also known as tribes, and its primary importance to them is for the preservation of their culture and the value of the land that they inherited from their ancestors.Territories in scathe of nation are those that are available for different races of different countries, and its primary importance is for security and in terms of the natural sour ces that are located deep down their territory.Lastly, territories between states refers to those area within the same country but having different jurisdiction, and its primary importance is for the specific types of rules and regulations being bound their culture, that are being utilise for these certain localities. The competing use of territories can result to different challenges and scraps. There have been many records of these territorial reserve conflicts and some specific mannequins will be presented in this paper.An example of conflict between territories is the conflict between Russians and British. The conflict resulted when Russia proclaimed their ownership of a certain part of the Artic. This caused turm fossil oil because it was Britain to first lodge a territorial claim over Artic in 1908.This conflict also involved other nations who are preventing other countries for the occupancy of the Artic. The major cause of this conflict is the huge oil and other mineral sources that are believed to be lying beneath the Artic (Stewarfaret, 2007).Another conflict over territory is the oil drilling issue between America and Alaska. chair George W. Bush is promoting the tapping of the Northeast Alaskan vegetable oil in order to support Americas increasing demand for energy supply.However, a state territorial conflict between America and some inhabitants of Alaska arises arises. This is mainly due to the issue that the oil that can be obtained from Alaskan deposits will not be suitable enough to pay for the potential environmental damage that can result from oil spills and oil drilling activities (www.govspot.com, 2008).Lastly, another example of conflict for territory is that of the Chaco War. This war was the result of territorial conflict between Bolivia and Paraguay due to the expansion activities of both parties for them to gain better hold of the Paraguay River, also known as Chaco Boreal.The route of Paraguay River is eyeshot by the Bolivians to contain large oil deposits and it may be their primary reason for desiring to get a hold of its territory. The net result of this territorial conflict was a cease fire in 1935 and three parts of the region was given to Paraguay as declared by a truce that was signed to residual the conflict between Bolivia and Paraguay (Lindsay, n.d).From the cases of territorial conflicts and challenges presented in this paper, it can be concluded that territorial grabbing is rampant all around the world, and is due mainly to arising interests in resources and land ownership.Works CitedCity, Jersey. (2008). The Importance of Territory. Retrieved April 12, 2008 from http//nandakumarchandran.sulekha.com/blog/post/2008/03/the-importance-of-territory.htmLindsay, Ryan. (n.d.). The Chaco War. Retrieved April 14, 2008 from http//www.american.edu/ted/ice/chaco.htmStewart, Graham. (2007). A Bitterly Cold War Over a Frozen Territory. Retrieved April 14, 2008 fromhttp//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/c olumnists/graham_stewart/article2195749.ecewww.brainyquote.com. (2008). Territory. Retrieved April 12, 2008 from http//www.brainyquote.com/words/te/territory229138.htmlwww.govspot.com. (2008). Alaska Oil Drilling. Retrieved April 14, 2008 from http//www.govspot.com/issues/anwr.htm

Conductng a Internal Analysis Within Kraft’s Corporation

CONDUCTING AN INTERNAL ANALYSIS WITHIN KRAFTS CORPORATION INTERNAL ANALYSIS AND SWOT ANALYSIS TRIDENT UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL AVIE MARIE JOHNSTONE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT MGT599 MODULE 2 SESSION LONG PROJECT PROFESSOR LARRY BANKS NOVEMBER 5, 2012 Rapid growth and under developed financial and in operation(p) controls are common characteristics of many an(prenominal) start-up operations, including companies, joint ventures, departments and divisions. Inadequate or improperly working controls buttocks run to fraud, loss of customers, and even work failure.Managers of start-up operations often fail to adequately denotation the need for controls because they insufficiency the noesis of how to address control gamble of infection, lack resources to address control risk, or they perceive other issues as being more critical. The managers dilemma is how to efficiently balance the need for wholesome controls with the day-to-day demands associated with running a newly formed business. (Denise Dickins, Margaret OHara, rump Reisch). (2009). Resources are the inputs into a production process.They can be capital, equipment, patents, skill sets of individual employees and/or managers, financial resources, etc. Resources can be tangible or intangible. Individually, they may not necessarily lead to a competitive advantage it is how they are utilize and the synergies they shit that train them strategically valuable. Give me as much information as you can find roughly the following as it relates to the kraft paper Foods Company Tangible Resources Physical Resources S&P Dow J one(a)s Indices, a unit of McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. , said that kraft Foods meeting Inc. will replace alpha Natural Resources Inc. n the S&P 500, alpha Natural Resources will replace Korn/Ferry International in the S&P middle roof 400, and Korn/Ferry will replace Pulse Electronics Corp. in the S&P Small Cap 600 after the close of trading on Monday, October 1. S&P 100 & 500 constituent k raft Foods Inc. is spinning off kraft Foods Group to shareholders in a transaction expected to be in force(p) after the close of trading on that date. The kraft Foods stub, which will change its cry to Mondelez International Inc. and its heart and soul symbol to MDLZ, will remain in the S&P 100 & 500. (Kraft Foods Group to Replace Alpha Natural Resources In S&P 500). Nov. 7, 2012). 2. Financial Resources Kraft Foods, the newly independent go with that was spun-off from its upraise last month, reported stronger-than-expected third-quarter earnings and sales on Wednesday and reaffirmed its full-year guidance. The mating the Statesn grocery business operating(a) discolourations such as Oscar Mayer and Kraft cheese posted net earnings of $470 million, or 79 cents a share, compared with a year-earlier profit of $417 million, or 70 cents. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). Analysts in a Thomson Reuters poll were looking for earnings of besides 69 cents.A reflection of stro nger volumes and pricing as well as increased advertising investment, gross for the three-month finale ended Sept. 30 grew 3% to $4. 61 jillion from $4. 47 billion a year ago, pass on above the Streets ascertain of $4. 56 billion. For the fiscal year of 2013, Kraft Foods had reaffirmed the GAAP EPS view of $2. 60 stating that the revenue was expected to grow in line with the northerly American sustenance and swallow market. The consensus, excluding special items, was to look for a full of year earnings of $2. 66 on sales of $19. 28 billion. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). 3. Human ResourcesThe food industry is one of the most highly competitive centers of commerce worldwide. Consumer demand for high- cheer, healthy, satisfactory foods advancing engineering science globalization and new distribution methods keep leaders and frontline employees in a responsibility of constant change with comparable demands on human resources professionals. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010). It sh ows just how open Kraft Foods is to new approaches. That focalize has dish outed Kraft Foods become the worlds second-largest food company, with annual revenues of approximately US$50 billion and sales in more than 160 countries.It also keeps HR strategists on the lookout for give away ship canal to attract and recruit key talent, streamline processes and maintain operational excellence. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010). Kraft Foods decision fatherrs determined that one lever to fight back those efforts and an ambitious multiyear transformation was to outsource selective back-office functions, said Karen Isaacson, Kraft Foods vice chairwoman of HR administration outsourcing. To that end, they sought a transformation partner that could deliver an integrated dissolver to help them meet technology and functional needs, and support their growth system.Kraft Foods search led to IBM. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010). 4. Other? Kraft Foods Group Inc stood by its full-year outlook on Wednesday as it works to better tailor its product portfolio to a low-cal economy in North America, the merely region the newly independent company direct operates in. Kraft was spun off last month from the maker of Cadbury chocolates and Oreo cookies, which goes by the name of Mondelez International. Unlike Mondelez, which got some 45 share of its sales from growing markets, Kraft focused on slower growing North America? Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). Further, U. S. consumers face stubbornly high unemployment and slow economicalal growth. In the weakened economy, Kraft had to drive their sales volume with more advertising and a greater range of products and prices, in what they called a favorable, better, best strategy. (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). The economic environment has not improved and that creates a burning platform for Kraft, our customers and our industry. Kraft shares were down 22 cents, or 0. 5 percent, at $44. 48 in late morning trade.The broader market, as mensu rable by the S&P 500 index, was down more than 2 percent, a day. Kraft said net income move up to $470 million, or 79 cents per share, from $417 million, or 70 cents per share, a year earlier. Revenue increased 3 percent to $4. 61 billion. Most of the increase came from volume gains and selling a more expensive mix of products, with a smaller contribution from price increases. (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). The company affirmed its 2013 outlook, calling for earnings of $2. 60 per share and revenue growth in line with the rest of the North American food and beverage market.Krafts revenue in the current fourth quarter would be flat to down due to a equivalence with the days earlier period when retailers increased orders in advance of a price increase. Kraft would ultimately lose sales of some of its products that it pruned from its portfolio. (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). Intangible Resources 1. Technical Resources In diligences from salty to sweet, the Kraft F ood Ingredients technology team did offer ingredient solutions and application technology across a wide range of manufacturing processes. (Ask KFIC). (2010).Leveraging the crawl inledge of the parent company Kraft, there was an understanding of the basic science of food processing, as well as the art. In the dedicated application labs, Kraft Foods place a special emphasis on developing cost reduction technologies, translating to lower finished product costs for the customer. Krafts employers were the leaders in flavor technology and did play a key utilization in identifying the best ingredient solution for their needs. The employers of Kraft provided onsite regulatory, quality and specification perplexity and offer pilot plant facilities dedicated to developing ingredients for application evaluation. Ask KFIC). (2010). 2. Intellectual Resources In perspective of Krafts complete understanding of the entire gamut of business across every employee. Increase in intellectual capital c ame along with new business ideas & better practices. Developing expertise in business management focusing on making the business to be a pioneer. Creation of staff slots, keeping good employees within the company. Tight Integration Reduced cost, flesh mark offs & develop people. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). 3. Goodwill Company ProfileThe value of business goodwill is in the throws of a major revitalisation under the tent of mutual interest and partnership. Amid a global partnering boom, the future value of your business is at stake. Go-it-alone competitive practices are for the scrapbook. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). Partnering opportunities created by the communications and distribution revolution along with a global plosion in consumption and production are reshaping the ability of companies to pip larger audiences and acquire value creating resources. A growing number of countries are announcing international business alliances.Small to large enterprises are discovering partners across the global Internet. just about any business conference you attend this year is sure to feature passionate evangelists espousing the virtues of strategic alliances and economic goodwill. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). Kraft Foods Inc. goodwill also engaged in manufacturing and marketing packaged food products, including snacks, beverages, cheese, convenient meals and heterogeneous packaged grocery products. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company had operations in more than 70 countries and exchange the products in approximately 150 countries.The company managed and operated, through devil commercial units Kraft North America and Kraft International Kraft North America which operates in the United States and Canada. On expansive 4, 2008, the company completed the spin-off of its post cereals business. The brands of the company span five consumer sectors snacks, beverages, cheese, grocery and convenient meals. (Jennifer Booto n). (November 7, 2012). evaluation Summary Last Updated 10/23/2009 MG time value $11 MG Opinion Overvalued abide by Based on 3% produce $23 Value Based on 0% Growth $14 Market Implied Growth Rate 4. 15% Net Current Asset Value -$19. 44 PEmg 16. 80 Current Ratio 1. 13 PB Ratio 1. 64 (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). Key Data match Sheet 6/30/2009 Current Assets $11,688,000,000 Current Liabilities $10,303,000,000 summate Debt $18,610,000,000 Total Assets $64,654,000,000 Intangible Assets $13,257,000,000 Goodwill $28,225,000,000 Total Liabilities $40,358,000,000 Outstanding Shares 1,474,970,000 (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). Earnings Per Share Diluted 2009 (estimate) $1. 93 2008 $1. 22 2007 $1. 48 2006 $1. 71 2005 $1. 72 2004 $1. 56 2003 $1. 96 2002 $1. 90 2001 $1. 17 2000 $1. 38 1999 $1. 20 (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). Earnings Per Share Modern Graham 2009 (estimate) $1. 61 2008 $1. 48 2007 $1. 63 2006 $1. 73 2005 $1. 71 2004 $1. 67 Valuation History 10/23/09 Value $11, Actual Price $27. 01, Overvalued & Speculative 7/17/09 Value $10, Actual Price $27. 30, Overvalued & Speculative (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). 4.Other (cultural, report cardal, strategic alliances)? How will the business acquire goodwill? It is cultivated through the best of practices, such as good governance, customer service, efficiency, branding, pricing freshness, innovation, authenticity, consideration, cooperation, collaboration, thoughtfulness, decency, understanding, trust and community. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012). This result is reflected in the valuation of the business reputation as measured by the loyalty of the customers base and the reliability, stability and good practices of management and its employees.The dollar measuring of Krafts good represented the excess price over becoming market value that the consumers expected to get at the takeover of the company. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012). Alliance minded executives u se their goodwill on a daily nates in communicating with stakeholders. Without the consistent expression of goodwill, they knew, it was virtually im viable to sustain a partnering synergy that could build goodwill and benefits all stakeholders. The alternative course would in time result in stagnation. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012).Fostering goodwill among the stakeholders prepared their organization for partnering. The commitment to goodwill created change and built value. Apply goodwill on a daily basis. It may be your most powerful strategy in preparing for, processing and bring home the bacon in the formation of alliances. To develop a continuous UVP plan extends your alliance road map by duplicating your forecast calculations to include all potential alliances you foresee into the future. How far can you go using this strategy? If possible, dont stop until youre able to imagine this process reaching a global scale or an way out strategy.Finally, your alliance plan must weigh alliance costs and risks against the benefits/costs/risks of alternative strategies. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012). Whether your enterprise takes the role of a marketer or a supplier, you should consider formulating a phased in partnership plan containing a list of target partner prospects, financial validations, and a timeline and undertake a marketing initiative aimed at shaping a receptive and synergistic relationship with partner executives and operational teams.Executing the plan is your next challenge. Dont vary to seek help in developing your plan and making it happen. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012). Early 21st Century integration Nabisco into Kraft Foods Inc. and an IPO Philip Morris completed its acquisition of Nabisco in December 2000 and immediately began integrating the Nabisco operations into those of Kraft Foods and Kraft Foods International. In March 2001 Philip Morris created a new holding company for the combined operations cognise as Kraft Foods In c.The previous Kraft Foods was renamed Kraft Foods North America, giving the new Kraft Foods two main units Kraft Foods North America and Kraft Foods International. The two CEOs of these units were, Betsy D. Holden and Roger K. Deromedi, respectively, however, they were also named co-CEOs of Kraft Foods Inc. In June 2001 Philip Morris sold a 16. 1 percent stake in Kraft Foods to the public, retaining the remaining shares. The second largest IPO in U. S. history, the offering raised $8. 8 billion, which Philip Morris earmarked to reduce debt it had incurred in acquiring Nabisco. (Kraft Foods Inc. History). (2002). As it was integrating Nabisco and attempting to meet the judge annual cost savings of $600 million by 2003, Kraft Foods also began divesting some of the marginal brands it had acquired in the takeover. By late 2001, the company had announced that it had reached an agreement to sell the Farleys and Sathers confection brands as well as its Mexican pasta business, which inclu ded the Yemina and Vesta brands.Additional divestments were expected for Kraft, which as one of the top two food companies in the world with revenues approaching $35 billion could be very choosy about which brands to retain in its very powerful portfolio. (Kraft Foods Inc. History). (2002). Dorria L. ballock is the senior director of Human Resources, Beverages, for Kraft Foods, headquartered in Tarrytown, NY. In her role, Ms. clunk and her team are responsible for developing and leading the implementation of all human resources strategies and activities in support for all Beverages Business unit functions from marketing to manufacturing.Ms. Ball has worked as an employee with Kraft Corp. for over 18 years in Sales Management, where she held numerous assignments of increasing responsibility, calling on customers and leading teams. She transitioned into human resources in 1994 and has since held a variety of human resources generalist and specialist assignments across a number of fu nctions and business sectors. Most recently, Ms. Ball became the Senior Director of Global Diversity and proceed Life, where she was responsible for developing and implementing the Global Diversity and Work Life strategy for Kraft Foods worldwide. Dorria L. Ball). (Feb. 2007). Further, Ms. Ball is one of the founding members of ASCENT, and was formerly on the Conference Boards Council on Workforce Diversity, the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund advisory board, the steering team of the William J. Clinton Foundations Harlem Small Business Initiative, and the capital of Massachusetts College Global Workforce Roundtable Steering Committee. In addition, Ms. Ball is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority and the Abyssinian Baptist Church. (Dorria L. Ball). (Feb. 2007).Distinctive capabilities are those competencies possessed by a firm that cannot be copied or can be replicated only with great difficulty or resources. Determine the distinctive capabilities of the Kraft Foods Company as it relates to as many of the following as you can 1) Architecture An American food favorite, Kraft Macaroni & Cheese Dinner has been part up smiles since 1937. Long highly relevant and visible, Kraft Foods wanted to ensure its brand was differentiated and that it would reach its full potential moving into the future. Over the years it had also created a range of Macaroni & Cheese sub-brands that disunited its core brand.Macaroni & Cheese, Easy Mac, and Deluxe were all highly successful, but would benefit from a more freehanded association with Kraft Foods. In summer 2009, the Kraft Macaroni & Cheese team approached Landor with a challenge to recall and contemporize its look, help differentiate itself better from competitors, and visually streamline its portfolio of over 50 Macaroni & Cheese products. (Landor Associates). (June 2011). Krafts brand promise was to bring smiles to everyones faces, and through research, it learned that it owned several compelling equities in customer s minds happy, smiles, and joy.Inspired by these emotions, the company arrived at the metaphor of a county fair just like a day at the fair Kraft Macaroni & Cheese is a source of all American joy for the whole family. Drawing from the county fair metaphor, a new designed a new brand identity and packaging. The concept was further brought to sprightliness through improved brand architecture that united the portfolio of Kraft Macaroni & Cheese sub-brands under one brand promise, Landors visually unified them, and emphasized their connection to each other and Kraft Foods. Landor Associates). (June 2011). To help attain proprietary equities, Kraft Foods applied to register their design as a trademark. Although other macaroni and cheese brands used blue and yellow on their boxes, Krafts packaging, architecture system, and identity reclaim the colors as that of Kraft Macaroni & Cheese. Kraft Macaroni & Cheese redesign succeeded in strengthening and reclaiming the brands visual equities, differentiating it from private label, and creating a strong master brand to unite three disparate sub-brands.Our packaging and noodle smile identity provided the basis for the Kraft Macaroni & Cheese integrated marketing campaign, which in 2010 helped drive gross revenue up 3. 8 percent, increased dollars by 9 percent, and raised its overall market share by 0. 4 points. (Landor Associates). (June 2011). 2) Reputation, and The absence seizure of well-established laws governing social media communications make it challenging for companies to contest reputation damage on Facebook.However, this shouldnt stop them from putting a proactive social media reputation strategy in place. Leading food and beverage corporation, Kraft Foods Inc, has put in place a 6 pronged strategy to address various kinds of reputation risks on Facebook. . (John Paulo Cardoso). (Mar 28, 2012). Weve summarized Kraft Foods Facebook reputation management processes in the graphic, below . (John Paulo Cardoso). (Mar 28, 2012). Kraft Foods reputation risk management strategy includes both at internal employees and external stakeholders.A typical risk management process is as follows Kraft Foods Social Media team takes ownership of all its postings as detailed in its Facebook posting rules this provides clarity of ownership and helps ensure a standard, congenial conversation. Kraft Foods Social Media team constantly monitors Facebook postings for negative sentiment, profanity, and hateful comments these trigger an immediate damage control response. Once a risk return is detected, the Social Media team uses a Crisis Potential Questionnaire consisting of 15 questions, to determine the severity of the reputation risk event.This helps the company to decide on the de-escalation time frame, and channels of de-escalation. . (John Paulo Cardoso). (Mar 28, 2012). Kraft Foods Social Media team uses a Social Media escalation enumeration to direct resolution steps to the correct internal stakeholders, a nd prescribes the course of action for various reputation risk events. In times of crisis, the Moderator on the Social Media team checks any communication which goes out on behalf of Kraft Foods, to ensure it accurately represents the companys point of view. However, if a sustained and malaise reputation risk persists despite the companys best attempts to alleviate it, the Social Media team consults the legal department for possible legal recourse. . (John Paulo Cardoso). (Mar 28, 2012). 3) Innovation. There are no red flags with Krafts new name change. On Aug. 4, 2011, Kraft Foods Inc. announced plans to divide and create two independent public companies a high-growth global snacks business and a high-margin North American grocery business. And now on March 21, 2012 they announced its plans for its snack food corporate name as Mondelez International, Inc. IBM). (30-Jun-2010). What this demonstrates is that the company truly understood the strength of its brands and how they have bu ilt a relationship with customers. And now they were using this knowledge to manage the branding of its new independent company to leverage the platform make today delicious. The move to invent a new word and taking the time to let everyone know the phonetic spelling is the right thing to do for a multinational conglomerate rather than laborious to leverage one of its current brand names. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010).The Chairman and CEO Irene Rosenfeld had said that he would be implementing a new global snacks company, looking for a new name that would serve as an umbrella for their iconic brands, reinforce the truly global nature of this business and build on our higher purpose to make today delicious. Mondelez captured a perfect idea of a delicious world and saying that it would serve as a solid foundation for the strong relationships. Kraft Foods Inc. brands knew how to build relationships with its customers and now applying it to the market and their investors. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010). REFERENCES Denise Dickins, Margaret OHara, John Reisch. 2009). Frameworks for establishing and evaluating internal controls a primer and case study. Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics. Kraft Foods Group to Replace Alpha Natural Resources In S 500. (Nov. 7, 2012). http//www. nasdaq. com/article/kraft-foods-group-to-replace-alpha-natural-resources-in-sp-500-20120925-01231. UJswqGcyCSo Jennifer Booton. (November 7, 2012). Kraft Foods Posts Strong 3Q derive After Spin-Off. FOXBusiness. http//www. foxbusiness. com/industries/2012/11/07/kraft-foods-posts-strong-3q-profit-after-spin-off/ IBM. (30-Jun-2010). Kraft Foods builds on success to

American History Study Guide Ch. 15-18

Chapter 15 Elizabeth Cady Stanton ane of the just about prominent leading of the 19th century and leading figure of the early womans body social activist/abolitionist Opposed the 14th and 15th amendment because it did nothing to enfranchise women draw of the National Suffrage Association Crop-lien/Share moldpingGrowing of cotton and pledge a part of the crop as collateral Sharecropping initially arose as a compromise between blacks desire for land and planters demand for pains discipline System allowed each black family to rent a part of a plantation with the crop change integrityd between worker and owner at the end of the year Guaranteed the planters a stable resident labor force Black CodesLaws passed by the new southern g everywherenments that attempted to regulate the lives of the former slaves presumption(p) blacks certain rights legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to courts Denied them rights to testify against whiteneds, serve on juries or in pronounce militias, or to vote Declared that those who failed to sign yearly labor contracts could be arrested and hired out to white landowners Thaddeus StevensRadical who represented Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives Wanted to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it among former slaves and northern migrants to the South plan proved to be too radical Hiram Revels Mississippi interpretive program for the U. S. Senate during Reconstruction Served as chaplain in the wartime Union army and became the first black senator in American tarradiddle Enforcement Acts of 1870-1871 Out fairnessed terrorist societies and allowed the president to use the army against them Continued the expansion of depicted object authority duringReconstruction. Defined crimes that aimed to strip down citizens of the civil and political rights as federal offenses rather than violations of extract law Klan eventually went out of initiation U. S. v Cruikshank overthrew the Enforce ment Acts U. S. v Cruikshank Ruled that the due process and equal protection clauses applied only to state action and not to actions of individuals Case that gutted the Enforcement Acts by throwing out convictions of some of those responsible for the Colfax Massacre of 1873 Election of 1876/ steal of 1877Republican nominee Rutherford B. Hayes Democratic nominee Samuel J. Tilden Election so close that whoever captured SC, FL, or LA would win Bargain Congress appointed a 15-member electoral commission Members decided Hayes cable carried the contest southern states, and therefore, won Reconstruction Act of 1867 Temporarily divided the South into 5 military districts and called for the grounding of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote Passed by Congress over Johnsons veto Chapter 16 Railroad Strike of 1877 ka Great Railroad Strike first national labor walkout When workers protested a pay cut that paralyzed rail traffic, militia units tried to force them stic ker to work The rap revealed a strong sense of solidarity among workers and close ties b/w the Republican ships company and the new class of industrialists Aftermath government constructed armories to ensure troops would be in hand in the event of labor difficulties Henry George, Progress and Poverty Influential writer on social issues during the luxe AgeHe identified the monopolization of land as the cause of social inequality Progress and Poverty offered a critique of the expansion of poverty amid material abundance Book proposing more optimistic remedies for the unequal dissemination of health His solution single taxwhich would replace other taxes with a levy on increases in the value of real estate it would be so high that it would prevent speculation in some(prenominal) urban and rural land George rejected the traditional equation of liberty with ownership of land maxim government as a repressive power Sherman Ant-Trust ActBanned combinations and practices that restrained free lot impossible to enforce Helped to establish the precedent that the national government could regulate the economy to promoted the public entire Lochner v clean York/Liberty of Contract Ideal Supreme court voided a state law establishing ten seconds per day or sixty per week as the maximum hours for bakers Battle at injure Knee Soldiers opened fire on Ghost Dancers encamped near Wounded Knee Creek, killing b/w 150 and 200 Indians Marked the end of four centuries of armed conflict b/w the continents native population and European settlers and their descendantsAndrew Carnegie Established a vertically integrated sword company one that controlled every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution. Dominated steel industry Knights of cut into First group to try to organize unskilled workers as skilled, women alongside men, and blacks as well as whites Wanted to end the use of public and private police forces and court injuncti ons against strikes and labor organizations Thomas A. Edison seasons greatest inventor Invented the phonograph, light bulb, motion picture, and a system for generating and distributing electric power unfastened first electric generating station U. S. Steel Company Founded in 1901 maintained labor policies held by Andrew Carnegie trim back wages and opposition to unionization Chapter 17 Omaha Platform, 1892 Party program adopted at the formative practice of the Populist Party Represents the merger of the agrarian concerns of the Farmers Alliance with the free-currency monetarism of the Greenback Party while explicitly endorsing the goals of the for the most part urban Knights of Labor.Tom Watson Georgias leading Populist who worked the hardest to forge a black-white alliance Made culpable speeches whipping up prejudice against blacks, Jews, and Catholics Kansas hejira Some blacks sought a way out through and through emigration from the South 40, 000 to 60, 000 African American s migrated to Kansas seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic opportunity Exodus derived from biblical account of Jews escaping slavery in Egypt Ida B. WellsNations leading antilynching crusader insisted that given the conditions of southern blacks, the US had no right to call itself the land of the free New Immigrants 3. 5 one million million million newcomers seeking jobs in the industrial centers of the North and Midwest Described by native-born Americans as members of pellucid races, whose lower level of elegance explained everything from their willingness to work for substandard wages to their supposed inborn tendency toward criminal behavior Business Unionism Womens Christian Temperance UnionLargest female organization all-around(prenominal) program of economic and political reform including the right to vote must abandon the idea that flunk and dependence were their nature and join assertively in movements to change society Fr ances Willard President Election of 1896 Republicans met the silverite scrap insisting that gold was the only honest currency Republican nominee William McKinley Sometimes called the first contemporary presidential campaign because of the amount of money spent Democrats and Populists supported William Jennings Bryan McKinley was the winner Platt AmendmentDrafted by Senator Platt of Connecticut authorised the US to intervene militarily whenever it saw fit US also acquired a permanent choose on naval stations in Cuba Had to be approved before Cuba could recognize their independence Chapter 18 Muckraking The use of journalistic skills to expose the underside of American life Theodore Roosevelt came up with the term New Immigration Began around 1890 and reached its peak during the Progressive Era People came from southern and eastern Europe 13 million came to the US, the majority from Italy, Russia, and the Austro-Hungarian empireFordism Concentration on standardizing output and lowe ring prices Moving assembly line car frames brought to workers on a continuously moving conveyor belt Fordism economic system based on mass production and mass consumption Lawrence, Mass. , strike of 1912 When the state legislature enacted a 54 hour workweek, employers reduced the weekly take home pay of those who had been laboring longer hours Workers spontaneously went on strike and called IWW for assistance Children strikers left the city, and city officials ordered that no more children could leave LawrenceSamuel Golden RuleJones exalted Age mayors who pioneered urban Progressivism Instituted 8 hour day and paid vacations at his factory that produced oil cut equipment Founded night schools and free kindergartens, built new parks, and supported right of workers to unionize Jane Addams Eras most prominent female reformer Believed womans life should be governed by the family claim the contract to devote herself to parents, husband, and children Founder of the Hull House in 1889 settlement house devoted to improving the lives of the immigrant poorJohn Muir nonionic the Sierra Club to help preserve forests from uncontrolled logging by timber companies and other intrusions of civilization Federal Trade Commission Second expansion of national power in 1914 Established to ask and prohibit unfairbusiness activities such as price-fixing and monopolistic practices Welcomed by many business leaders as a means of restoring order to the economic marketplace and warding off more radical cake for curbing corporate power

Evolution of Human Affairs Essay

Leo Darroch experiences The Past is our Present to your Future whenever she reads this roll in front of the monument of the former Prime Minister Earl Grey in the center of the Newcastle upon Tyne, a city in UK. (Darroch, Online) These words, according to the author, were near probably inscribed to delve upon the pot the value of maintaining traditions of the Catholic Church. This was love for traditions quite unique and true but it is excessively true that from our past is born our empower and from our present our future.The way we open adopted our lives and the way we ar living today and caught in the barbarous circle of our lives has been the result of more than four hundred years of evolution of several human affairs in the form of several mile stones crossed in all social, economic, policy-making, military as well as all in the spheres that human feel can even think of. From the reign of the Frances tabby Louis 14 to the death of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1821, m both ch anges took place, which had an everlasting impact not sole(prenominal) in France and Britain but also whole of Europe and even many parts of the world, which were colonies.These changes were predominantly on account of the reforms constituted by the principles in their respective periods. Many reforms took revolutionary turns changing complete life styles and whole traditional values and concepts on which their life was based. Many adventurous propositions of King Louis IV conduct to many wars in the Europe between the years 1650-1715. Several changes were witnessed in wars, and many theories, new-fangled techniques of war and new practices emerged with many culminating in what is k instantern as modern way of state of war.He introduced special rewards for the most courageous and virtuous soldiers, and established new order to raise the power and prestige of the soldiers. King also announced for the soldiers revenue and pensions, which would increase according to the capabili ty of the soldier. This was the established in the name of Saint Louis and only officers who had been serving in the troops and on the basis of merit and distinguished services were considered as qualified for the same and would get special honors and rewards.Today also we can soak up same military orders in several nations. Army officers argon bestowed with various honors and rewards on virtue of their bravery and valor. According to historians, the reign of Louis XIV was beginning of the modern state. Many of the things we see today comparable centralized g eitherwherenment, a centralized cultivated bureaucracy, national legislation, a national judiciary was initiated under the reign of Louis XIV.(Page, Online) Louis XIV was considered as the greatest ruler of his age and metre and the impact of the reforms he located we can still feel today. Years 1769 to 1821 power saw rise of Napoleon Bonaparte in France, who is still known as the Emperor of swords unleashing his power over all Europe as well as Russia and threatened British Monarchy but according to historians, he was not only a monarch but also a great administrator.He left wing for his subjects and for their coming generations an incessant impact of his intelligence and heart 20,000 miles of imperial roads, 12,000 miles of regional roads, thousands miles of canals were the efforts of Napoleons large sightedness. (Weider, Online) He also built the Great Cornice road along the Mediterranean coast, and the mountain roads, which were laid along the Alps through Simplon Pass and Mont Cenis, and many harbors were also expanded.(Weider, Online) It was his innovative and melodic theme process that has make our travel smooth and easy and till today these roads are the lifelines of our economy and our whole life. thither is also no doubt that the period of industrial and scientific revolution only made achievable for us to zoom with a speed across these roads. Reaching destinations now takes very les s time in contrast to the past. Napoleon also started various think tanks and research centers in France to begin their lap up on projects deemed very important for the national economy.He also set up an Industrial mature to facilitate the provision of data and information for the french Industry now also there are many industrial boards helping the industries in all its spheres of activities. It was also the period of enlightenment and Napoleon took emolument of the same by establishing modern system of education. He transferred the administrative control of the public schools from the dominion of Catholic Church to the State, making schools as institutions of moral values, patriot feeling and the intelligence.Now nuns and priests were forbidden to teach in the public schools and under the reign of Napoleon, France might had been the first ever nation to set up postgraduate schools comprising different levels often called as lycees centrales (Haas, 1) for students scoring high average marks and also schools imparting fellowship on trade, mining, astronomy and varied related subjects, and now when we look at our schools today, we find the same system. In all the public schools, we are taught different subjects and even children of today are graded and put on the role in the schools depending on the interest of their subjects and also on their grade level.Napoleon also unquestionable a civil code, which is still in force in France, known as the Code of Napoleon. (Haas, 1) betwixt the years seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were the years of many changes the Age of Absolutism, the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, the American & French Revolutions entered the lives of people of Britain, France, Europe and slowly yet steadfastly creped into the world with new thoughts, enlightenment, scientific discoveries and industrial revolution. Scientific revolution, which was thought to begin around 15th century, changed the scientific ideas which were po pular in physics, astronomy and biology.Thoughtful and intelligent minds, scientists and scholars were questioning on the various beliefs and practices. People started believing sun as the center of the Universe, which was not so hardly a(prenominal) decades back, secondly, the Aristotelian theory on the issuing as continuous and made of Earth, Water, Air, Fire got changed to the notion that matter of atomic. Scientific revolution also questioned the predominant religious thoughts on the God and the existence of the Earth to the point that we still believe such things today. We still believe Sun is the center of the whole Universe and now we question every thing, which is religious and natural.We often find ourselves asking what is God and what is nature? Is there any thing like God because no science has discovered this so for we believe what is scientific? French revolution brought social changes nobility and Feudal lordship was abolished and women, poor and the warmness kins folk got all the economic, social and political rights which were withheld by them before the revolution whereas after the American revolution, there was new hope of light for the colonists. The new nation that was created formulated new laws and new ideas with own governance providing common defense and general welfare.The put up of the changes brought about by the revolution we can see till today women, poor and middle class people enjoy more rights today. Women can enter into any occupation of her choice and the poor and the middle class can exert all their social and political powers. All around us, we can see equality, fraternity, secularism and continuous progress. Though we are now wearing different style of clothes, live in the architecturally different houses having power of electricity enabling us to enjoy everything world is providing yet these are the fruits of those periods of 400 years old.The age of enlightenment during the same era made us perpetuate to think ration ally on every aspect of life, which previously bounded us to age-old superstitious beliefs. Now some(prenominal) we are taught, we have every right to think on rational grounds. Philosophers of the period of enlightenment like Pascal, Descartes, Bayle, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau told us to adopt and believe in our power of reasoning. (Rempel, Online) Today too we could see ourselves discovering new things and every time new waves of thought process.We are today no doubt as a solution of the revolutions of our bygone days, with more rights to get education, follow our religious ideals and political endeavors and enter into nationalists thoughts. We have more freedom, more privileges and more objects of luxury. We can reach across the globe sitting at national with the help of new technologies but at the same time, we have also confided ourselves in selfishness. With the modern techniques of warfare and nuclear bombs, we are always at the threshold of risk and mor eover our scientific endeavors are get us more vulnerable to the threat of environment degradation and economic hatred.But overall we are now imbibed and bestowed with the greatest powers which should be enjoyed by human beings like their natural rights, rational thoughts, equality, secularism, nationalism and higher up all continuous progress. Works Cited Darroch, Leo. The Past is our Present to your Future. Internet (2002) uncommitted http//www. latin-mass-society. org/leounavoce. htm, April 3, 2008. Haas, Werner. The Reforms of Napoleon and Their pertain on Europe. Internet (2007) Available http//www. associatedcontent.com/article/257247/the_reforms_of_napoleon_and_their_impact. html? cat=37, April 3, 2008. Page, Thomas M. Age of Absolutism. Internet. Available http//history2. professorpage. info/absolutism. htm, April 3, 2008. Rempel, Gerhard. AGE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT. Internet. Available http//mars. wnec. edu/grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/enlightenment. html, April 3, 2008. Weider, Ben. The Assassination of Napoleon. Internet. Available http//www. napoleon-series. org/ins/weider/c_assassination_w. html, April 3, 2008.