Some Things to Know About Transfer Application Essay Samples

<h1>Some Things to Know About Transfer Application Essay Samples</h1><p>If you are searching for an approach to begin composing the exchange application article, you may be somewhat mistaken for the measure of data that is out there. There are a wide range of sorts of exposition tests that you can browse, and this can cause it to appear to be a troublesome task.</p><p></p><p>The truth is that there are hundreds, if not thousands, of article tests that you can look over. In view of this, it is anything but difficult to perceive any reason why a few people can get befuddled, particularly on the off chance that they need to get their exposition completed quickly.</p><p></p><p>The best activity is pick a couple of article tests that you find supportive. After you have gotten a couple, you can begin contemplating the structure of your own article. This is an extraordinary time to begin composing the article and get it start ed.</p><p></p><p>When composing, ensure you are taking notes in various manners. You can record every thought independently, or you can record a couple of thoughts so as to recall them. Whichever way will assist you with recalling your paper better.</p><p></p><p>Use various words and sentences when composing your exposition. You may likewise need to utilize an alternate tone, or manner of speaking, when composing your paper. You will see that this has a major effect when you are really submitting it.</p><p></p><p>The primary concern to recall when composing your exchange application article is to consistently thought of however many thoughts as could be expected under the circumstances. You may have just a couple of thoughts that will be useful to you when composing your exposition, yet there are numerous different thoughts that you should have.</p><p></p><p>For this explanation, you will need to start composing your sections in a clear way and ensure you have a stream to your article. For whatever length of time that you can keep the exposition streaming easily, your peruser will value it. Composing as well as can be expected be a test, however it is unquestionably not impossible.</p><p></p><p>When you begin composing, recall that you can discover many article tests on the web and you can exploit this to get a hand-on feel for how to compose an exposition. The best part about utilizing these example papers is that you can follow the bearings and complete it rapidly. This can make it simpler for you to get your paper completed before the deadline.</p>

Native American Women of Medicine Sample Essay

Native American Women of Medicine Sample EssayWhat is a sample essay that you can submit as a response to a sample survey about Native American women of medicine? This is a great opportunity for Native women to let others know how they think and feel. What you may be wondering is how to get this kind of essay in a short paragraph that will really catch the attention of the editors at the company that is conducting the survey?Most of the essays that are written about Native American culture come from a specific topic. You will have to fill out a question survey to get access to the samples. The reason why the editors will do a survey is because they want to make sure that the information you provide is not biased. That means that they have to make sure that the information they are getting from you is accurate and truthful.To write an essay about a particular subject, you will have to find the information that is related to the topic. The best way to do this is to ask your friends, fa mily, and co-workers who may have expertise in the topic. If they do not tell you where to find the information, then you might have to look around for it. You might even do some online research on the topic to find some facts and figures that will give you a better idea of the subject matter that is being discussed.You can also look at some online resources. These websites are free to use. You can go to them and search for the keywords that you will use in your essay. Many of these websites will help you get the information that you need for free.Then, when you have the information, you will have to go to the review sites and get the opinions of the experts. This is where you will find that many people have already written about the topic. You can get opinions from their experiences in writing that will give you a better idea of what others thought about the subject.SOURCE has submitted their essay to a sample survey as well as an online survey. Susan Picotte said that she would de finitely be willing to write an essay if someone asked her to. Susan wrote that the decision for her to write an essay was made when she was browsing the internet and saw that there were some other Native women doing it.Susan wrote that she felt that the opinion should be heard. She did say that she does feel that the opinions given in the sample essays that she read were not very objective.SOURCE was also happy with the opinion that Susan Picotte gave them about their writing assignment. They still have the sample essay to review and will soon be able to get their own opinion.

The Best Ways to Create a Memorable Allegory Essay Topic

The Best Ways to Create a Memorable Allegory Essay TopicAn allegory essay topic is a great way to get your creative juices flowing and also to put yourself in a good light. Many people feel that writing an allegory essay topic is difficult and in need of much thought, however this is not the case as all you really need to do is read some good literature and have some patience.Many people think that allegory essay topics are much harder to write than regular essay topics, however this simply is not true. In fact, there are certain guidelines that you can follow to ensure that your essay is both meaningful and original. You should take into consideration what the author was trying to convey with the piece and make sure that you incorporate these themes into your own writing.With allegory essay topics you can use any literary source at your disposal. For example, if you are writing about Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, then you could consider using any one of his other plays. If y ou are looking for a metaphor, then look no further than the wine and the vine. Shakespeare uses this metaphor time again throughout the play, and you can easily write an allegory essay on it as well.In many ways, Stanley Kubrick's allegory essay topics are the most versatile and interesting of all the writers and filmmakers that have used this technique. It is no surprise that he would be able to come up with new and innovative ways to incorporate his interpretations into the text, and they work well with his style of film making.One of the main guidelines that you will need to keep in mind when creating your allegory essay topics is that you need to put yourself in the mind of the reader. When you first read a work of literature, you are not necessarily immersed in the story like you will be when you read an allegory essay. This means that you need to come up with a way to put yourself in the story and get into the mindset of the person reading your piece.This is the only way that you will be able to convey your own interpretation of the story and will allow you to place yourself in the mind of the reader at the same time. By placing yourself in the mindset of the character of the author you are attempting to portray, you will be able to enter the mind of the reader and really capture their attention. Also by making sure that you are not trying to convey some deep meaning to the reader, but are trying to give them just enough information to hold your interest, then you will be able to keep their attention and ensure that they understand the message you are trying to convey.For many students, having an outline for your essay's is a very popular choice. The reason for this is that most of the time the first draft of the essay will be written using an outline. Once the main points are established through the course of the piece, then it is easier to go back and add to the outline or rearrange the ideas.Many people have become successful by including allegory es say topics in their own work. One thing that you will notice as you read some of the examples of good allegory essay topics is that they have very unique approaches to conveying a particular message. Therefore, even if it seems that you may not be able to communicate the point well enough to be considered good, you might find that you are actually doing a good job.

New Ideas Into Ap Government Essay Samples Never Before Revealed

New Ideas Into Ap Government Essay Samples Never Before Revealed Nobody has ever known as the structure of American government simple! Others might try to fight and overcome the obstacle in front of those. The Essentials of Ap Government Essay Samples You Will be Able to Benefit From Beginning Immediately The training course is designed to supply the knowledge and techniques necessary for students to attain their own informed conclusions. Moreover, his affinity for those students can't be overstated. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. In order for they to reach their full potential you cannot deny teachers the materials nee essays related to the perfect school for an ideal education. Provide context for those data you provide. You will then have to approach this issue by gathering, generating, and evaluating credible sources to back up your evidence. Therefore, it runs with excellent accuracy with no downtimes. Do that by the usage of stro ng evidence. The Do's and Don'ts of Ap Government Essay Samples Many schools will need a minimum score of a 4 or maybe a 5 to make credit. When people online aren't polite, they don't fret about their tone in any respect, and it offends people. Business groups don't always agree together, however. Students may work in smaller groups for the undertaking. Each paragraph needs to be limited to a single point of argument. Knowing the question you're answering is the most crucial portion of AP writing. So that your answer has to be focused. Just go straight for the response to prevent ambiguity. A wonderful conclusion will summarize all data that has happened in the write-up and use it in order to give one final reason why you ought to join our side. In the event the answer is yes, attempt to structure your argument in order for your points build off one another. Each point ought to be accompanied by strong evidence. Even in the event you don't like to argue with the points of different men and women, it's still true that you has to be prepared to compose an argumentative essay at any moment! Appropriate preparation demonstrates that you understand how to compose an argumentative essay in AP English. There are a lot of rhetorical terms it can be difficult to figure out which ones which you want to understand for AP Language and Composition! At exactly the same time, you may also approach the experts for other kinds of essay writing help for your coursework assignments. To excel in this training course, you require good rhetorical skills particularly for the persuasive essay section. With all this AP Language and Composition vocabulary available, you're going to be a top-notch rhetorical analyst in virtually no time! AP English language essays are assigned to those pursuing literature from several institutes. Colleges want to realize that you have taken the most challenging courses available with you, and Advanced Placement courses play an important function within this bit of the admissions equation. AP Language and Composition course is a huge deal, and your principal goal is to clearly show your capacity to produce decent analysis with an ideal structure and grammar indexes. Additionally, be mindful about stereotypes, bias and prejudice about the subject or issue you could include in the essay. The question wasn't merely an invitation to write discursively on the topic of photography. Pick 1 thing about the U.S. Constitution including its amendments which you think ought to be changed. Use appropriate evidence to come up with your argument. Ap Governm ent Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. Instead, you would like to analyze the essay and make certain that your claim is supported. Do not decrease the duration of your conclusion within this essay as it's a very long essay and conclusion also needs to be average in the term count. The prompt vocabulary will say precisely what to do in your essay. Also be certain your readers will be considering reading an argumentative essay on such topic or issue. Continue reading this handout to find more advice on ways to compose an AP argumentative essay. Every argumentative essay ought to be based on a topic which can be debated. Besides understanding what you are needed to do by the assignment, you should be ready psychologically to compose the argumentative essay. To compose the prompt of the essay you need to be somewhat careful about the idea of the topic so you can better reflect on the essay topic. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Even though there are just two short paragraphs, there's a great deal of room for confusion here. You're not asked for a particular number of examples as in part (b), and therefore you need to get disciplined. The second point, that making connections is a kind of thinking which can be taught, cannot be proven until the very first point has been sufficiently supported. Analyze evaluate each portion of the whole systematically 3.

Freedom And Freedom Of Freedom - 1864 Words

Freedom, a loosely used word to describe something that us Americans, enjoy on a daily basis. Freedom, as defined in the Oxford Online Dictionary as being in â€Å"the state or fact of being free from servitude, constraint, inhibition, etc.; liberty.† America, prior to gaining independence in 1776 from Great Britain, was not referred to as a free country. The colonists, were under constant control of the British, even half-way around the world. Freedom during this time period prior to 1776 did not experience freedom the way that we see it today. Freedom today is protected by federal law which allows for the basic elements of freedom including: The right to free speech, religion, and freedom of press; the right to bear arms; and the right to assembly. These freedoms are covered under the United States Constitution, more commonly under the first ten Amendments, known as the Bill of Rights. Civil liberties compared to now and prior to 1776 vary greatly. As described in the United States Bill of Rights and the United States Constitution, the thirty-nine amendments are what allow American citizens to be â€Å"free†. In my personal opinion, if the thirty-nine amendments were non-existent, I would not feel free. With these amendments, it allows me to express myself freely without having to believe something that I do not agree with and vice-versa. One of these amendments in particular, is the first amendment, the right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press. IShow MoreRelatedFreedom And Freedom Of Freedom885 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know that freedom helped our forefathers shape America throughout the centuries? Freedom is a way to describe independence and a way to self-govern oneself. Freedom is what united the thirteen colonies and gave them the courage to fight for their freedom. Ever since the day settlers set foot on American soil to the day the Declaration of Independence was signed to declare America as an indepe ndent nation. Colonist knew that freedom would be the key to create a diverse nation in which it allowedRead MoreFreedom And Freedom Of Freedom872 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is freedom? Many people have a different view of freedom. Some people can see freedom politically, financially, or freedom of expression. The meaning and views about freedom had changed throughout history. Due to European s social crisis, which causes many poor colonists to leave England for North America. Many early European settlers came to North America because they wanted more religious freedom, to set up their own colony, and have a better government. ...as in a well governed and ChristianRead MoreFreedom And Freedom Of Freedom1260 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom is one of the major aspects that we as Americans look at in perspective, in the United States today, freedom meaning â€Å"the ability to achieve one’s preferences.† In other words, the more you get to do what you want, the freer you are. Obviously, all societies have to limit the freedom of their citizens; being free to steal and kill is not a virtue, of a person or a nation. When freedom is justly abolished it is a complex issue. One suggestion has been that governments may limit the behaviorRead MorePrivacy, Freedom, And Freedom Of Freedom1303 Words   |  6 PagesWithout directly stating in The Bill of Ri ghts that we have a right to privacy, I believe we can all draw our own conclusions to what some of them mean. Such as the first amendment that states that we have freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of press. The very definition of freedom according to Defnition.com states â€Å"the state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint.† To me the first amendment means that we have the right to privacy of ourRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : The Freedoms Of Freedom Of Speech937 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech now a day’s means being able to have the right to express one’s own opinions without restraint. The United States of America is an open country for any U.S. citizen to be free to say what one would like. By citizens having freedom of speech, it gives the people the right to use hate speech. Freedom of speech belongs to every person in the United States. Here lately citizens are witnessing the rising concerns with hate speech. Unfortunately, hate speech is protected by freedomRead MoreFreedom : Freedom Of Speech And Freedom Of Speech1167 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermining how much freedom the citizens in a society has. Throughout history we have seen many different type of governments that include North Koreas’ dictatorship to the United States that has a government based on principles of democracy. In societies that have democratic governments such as the United States, England, France, and many other western European countries, the citizens have a high degree of freedom of speech. In addition, these people are allowed to have a high degree of freedom of thoughtRead MoreFreedom Of Exercise And Freedom975 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of Exercise One of the key principles the United States of America was founded upon was the idea that religious freedom was an inalienable right. Many who sailed to new world were pilgrims who believed the land was a promised land, sacred. They also believed the new world would allow them to escape religious persecution. When the Constitution was developed in 1787, the First Amendment addressed the relationship between the government and religion stating, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respectingRead MoreFreedom Of Freedom Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech, press, and religion is like a traffic light. The by-laws are always changing and everyone must obey them. What is freedom? Freedom is the act of doing what one pleases without the fear of government intervening or restraining the action. So, if our freedoms are restricted, are we really free? Personally, I do consider the freedoms of the Bill of Rights counts as freedom. It is however, an opinionated topic and just like th e by-laws of the amendments, everyone’s backing case willRead MoreFreedom And Freedom Of Speech Essay2518 Words   |  11 Pages Many people come to the United States looking for freedom and liberty and where their essential rights are protected under the Constitution. However, freedom should not be taken for granted as for every rule there may be limits. The First Amendment of the United States’ Constitution states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably toRead MoreThe Struggle For Freedom And Freedom1277 Words   |  6 Pagesultimately at the core all people fight for the same personal and political freedoms. Everyone wants to live a life full of equality and prosperity. In some extreme cases these freedoms are blocked by few cruel individuals who for a period of time shape the course of natio ns. Regardless of the region or slight difference in ideology, all dictators share the same appetite for complete control and oppression. The struggle for freedom may take different paths but the end goals and results are same regardless

Security Vulnerability of BYOD Systems

Question: Discuss about the Security Vulnerability of BYOD Systems. Answer: Introduction: Aztek is a finance organization based from Australia. Aztek has been using old manual systems for managing its operations and workforce with limited number of computers used by some of the employees. However, with recent expansion of the company, the company has realized the need for hiring new employees as well as digitizing most of its operations. However, for this, the company would need to have a huge number of systems which can be a significant cost to the company. Thus, the company thought of considering the BYOD model that would allow its employees to use their own devices such that the procurement cost of the company for taking personal computers or laptops for employees is largely eliminated. However, this would add the employee devices to the critical infrastructure and when these devices are also used for personal purpose outside the purview of the company, certain security risks may be faced by the organization. In Australia, the government does not have very strict laws or acts for securing BYOD devices. However, some of the local and state governments in Australia, surveillance program can be run for employees working in specific territories. New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory are key jurisdiction areas in Australia. When following legal procured, the legal frameworks defined by these territorial bodies would be used. A per these acts, organizations in Australia are given the freedom to use own employee surveillance methods and security policies. However, the federal, territorial or state jurisdictions failed in Australia to provide any sound measures against unauthorized users. Moreover, companies cannot track the devices used by employees except in the cases of certain serious situations. One law is called ANSW Act which can be used for applying in the case of BYOD devices as it applied to employees not only while working inside the organization but also outside it. Employers can use their own decided surveillance procedures for monitoring communication of their employees when using BYOD devices outside the company setting. Any communication not complying with the act can be monitored and strict action can be taken to restrict such communication. This can be used for stopping sharing of sensitive files of the company by its employees outside the local network. An overt surveillance is used by Aztek using monitoring software and before 15 days of any surveillance, employees are informed. Another governance act is Workplace Privacy Act 2011 (ACT) which has defined procedures that can be used for surveillance of employee communication that happens over email. Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 can also be applied to the digital media communication. This covers interception related permissions and communication that is happening between two employees within an organization. Employers can track the message content that is shared but personal information such as email address, Meta data and duration of communication cannot be traced. The section 5F of this law gives protection to BYOD operating model with the ability to contravene when the law is violated by an employee. It can lead to 3 years of an imprisonment and 900 penalty units at maximum for sender as well as receiver (Attorney-Generals Department, Canberra , 2011). Aztek can deploy an Acceptable Use Policy for establishing a regulatory environment such that following decisions can be taken: What surveillance procedure for tracking of BYOD communication devices? How can the surveillance be carried out? Whether to use surveillance process continuously? If surveillance should be carried out for specified duration or should on for a full tenure? Privacy Act (APP 5) needs company to develop a BYOD management policy for which some preparation is required such as (Wiseman, 2013): If an employer needs to store some information about the employee then it can be done While tracking communication , no personal information may be recorded by the employer When an employee discloses any information outside, it should be known to the company Policy statements can define way of using employee information, reporting procedures in case of data breach, and the access rights (GILBERT, 2014) Security Posture of Aztek As a part of critical infrastructure, BYOD can cause risks of security posture of Aztek and some of the impact areas could be: Risks that alter Azteks security posture Risks because of using mobile devices Risks may be caused by differences in geographies, people or laws Some barriers to deployment of BYOD in finance industry are location regulations, industry requirements, and difficulties in controlling mobile usage. Certain compliance procedures can be used for security in financial companies such as mobile device security procedures, risk management, and mobile environment management. Securing Mobile Devices: Astek used to use the mobile devices supplied by the same organization and thus, have similar software making it easier for the company to establish control over the devices. It was also easy to establish policy controls and apply to them. This included control on employee rights so as to allow only limited exposure to them. There was a unified interface that could be used for managing critical applications by users (Kim Hong, 2014). However, with BYOD, the devices would not have unified interface or software which would also not be owned or controlled by the employer. Because of the lack of consistency in the use of mobile devices, no uniform control system may be applied to different devices. This would thus affect the security posture or Aztek and to protect system because of this change, new policies have to be formulated. This would ensure the improved security for mobile devices with different configurations and settings as well as specific application vulnerabilities. Protection can be established in several ways such as by preventing use of critical applications over mobile but this would not be very encouraging for professionals to make use of mobile device for office purposes. Thus, an alternate and more flexible approach may be needed which is also taking care of the risks with mobile environment. Risks with BYOD devices: Risk from stolen mobile devices: It has been seen that over 22% of mobile devices get stolen everywhere but only 50% of these are actually recovered. If an employee devices which is not fully protected gets stolen and it has the settings already established for connecting to the critical infrastructure of the organization, it can lead to an unauthentic view of the company by a possible thief. The employee may not be very keen on protecting devices and on the other side; the user stealing mobile device may connect with the critical infrastructure of the system using a Private Virtual Network. People can misuse the data obtained in this way. Password encryptions can be used for preventing such access. Other than these, there can be other protection measures like wiping off data from remote place. Risks form Physical Access: BYOD device can be taken outside the organizational environment which can expose them to ay third person. If this turns out to be a hacker, there is a probability that the company would face a virus attack which would threaten the entire critical infrastructure of the company. These issues can be reduced if the organization uses certain device management policies. End user ownership related risks: As BYOD devices belong to individuals, they have higher sense of ownership and thus, they are not very satisfied with any restrictions put by the organization. They may unlock the access restriction or jailbreak systems leading to the exposure of critical infrastructure to more risks. Even in the case of stealing of a device, the employee may not inform the company immediately so that they can take actions (Morrow, 2012). Risks due to increased data access: If VPN connection used in BYOD devices is not very secure, the device owner would probably face the risk of losing data. Security bugs may enter the system though the social media or other connections that may have been established. Risks due to lack of awareness about security risks: If employees do not have sufficient knowledge about security aspects then this lack of awareness can cause vulnerabilities. Thus, it is important to have safe procedures to secure devices. There can be some measures that can be taken by Aztek or protection of BYOD devices: Keep devices monitoring and identify vulnerabilities. Device management policies can be determined and implemented. Use of security best practices can be encouraged in employees such as PIN code generation, complex encryption and remote data wiping. A baseline may be created considering specification and configurations of operating system or software Addressing App Risks: BYOD devices are a part of critical infrastructure of an organization and thus, any malicious code entering into such a device would risk a complete compromise of the critical infrastructure system. Malware protection software when installed in these devices, it can help. However, if security settings are changed by an employee then it can lead to more vulnerability. Use of data compartmentalisation is one of the methods that can be used to avoid such issues. Managing mobile environment: Employees tend to change their devices or software frequently and thus the IT assets information does not remain updated always. Different hardware and software cycles and several upgrades can cause differences. If devices are not managed properly and the employee does not implement required patches on time, it can increase vulnerability(EY, 2013). Policies related to mobile usage, patching, local service support and self-service solutions can be used here. Risk Assessment A Cybersecurity framework can be utilized for assessing risks. The framework defines security practices that are flexible, and reusable, as well as based on priority, performance and cost. The regulatory body and IT security experts have mutually formed this framework. It has a mechanism defined to describe security posture, identify improvement scope, prioritize plan, monitor progress and communicate risks to stakeholders. The framework identifies the following: Security functions: These include risk identification, incidence detection IT assets protection, response planning, and data recovery. Categories and subcategories: Risk function are categorized into asset management, access control and incident detection. Each category has a sub-category such as notification under protection. These include the guidance provided by industry experts for enhancing protection There are four key tiers of security that are identified by the framework. Lower levels provide less protection while higher tiers have better protection. Tier 1 has partial protection provided by an integrated risk management program without processes formalized Tier 2 has protection provided by an integrated risk management program with some processes formalized and certain activities and priorities defined for categories Tier 3 has protection for whole organization and devices. It has formalized risk management and framework also has consistency methods for making changes in this tier. Highest level of protection is provided at tier 4 which is adaptive to security landscape and its management becomes a part of the company culture. As per this framework, Aztek would conduct a basic security review. This review involves opportunity identification for security posture enhancement, security requirements communication to stakeholders and protection policy enforcement for BYOD devices. Basic review: The current practices carried out in an organization can be explored in the basic review which involves risk identification and management, incident detection, risk response plan, device protection, and system recovery. The current security system of the company is more suitable for traditional settings and thus, new practices have to be adopted. Establishing security program: A New security program may be implemented using following steps: Define the objectives and set priorities for various business activities involving IT assets. BYOD devices scheme would add to the IT asset management scope and priorities. Establish end point security in the BYOD devices as they can also travel out of the premises of the office. With end point security, control can be established over BYOD devices but at the same time, the company must ensure that privacy of employees is not violated (Romer, 2014). A security program may be established with determination of vulnerabilities and threats faced by BYOD devices. Some of the risks would be data loss and consumer data leakage. With devices connected to internet, vulnerabilities are increased and thus, established security controls may have to be enhanced (Tokuyoshi, 2013) Security activities can be divided into some categories and sub-categories. These categories can be identity theft, unauthorized access, financial fraud, and financial record modification. A risk assessment of each type of threat or risk is done below: Identity Thefts: A hacker can misuse the identity information of a user if stolen and create a monetary damage t the customers or the company. This can cause financial losses as well as a loss of reputation. The company would also need to compensate for the risk to its customers. Finance Records Modification: If a financial detail in the database of the company gets hacked, the hackers can take out money from the accounts without the knowledge of account holders and the loss is identified only after a lot of it is already made. Unauthorized Access: If a hacker gets an unauthorised access t a device then it can lead to launch of attacks by the hacker on the critical infrastructure of the company. DDOS attacks are the ones that disrupt company operations and prevent genuine users from assessing their systems. Financial Fraud: If user credentials are stolen, hackers can use it to gain financial benefits and thus, user credentials have to be protected. Target profiles with requirements and influences of each stakeholder may be prepared as follows: Risk Category Stakeholders Requirements Identity Thefts Employees Device users Secure information stored in personal devices Records alteration Aztek Management Employees Users Prevent modification of stored information by unauthentic user. Unauthorized access Users Management An internal security policy may be used for protecting leakage or misuse of financial information. Financial fraud Consumers Companies Investors Potential financial fraud patterns in the industry may be analyzed and sufficient protective measure maybe taken Security system gaps are first identified analysed, and then priorities are set for every category that maybe created on the basis of mission, benefits, risks, or costs. These gaps can be related to system vulnerabilities, knowledge awareness in employees, and monitoring systems. After creating the plan for security management every category as well as the sub-category would be considered for implementation (NIST, 2014). Opportunity Identification: Industry cases can be studied to understand the best practices that can be used for the Aztek system. Some of these practices are: Trusted sources can be identified from untrusted sources using infrastructure controls Stringent controls may be used while accessing critical applications through devices such as multifactor authentication. Employees must be made aware of the security cases and implications so that they can be careful Data Security Policies can be used for managing wireless systems, media usage employee code of conduct and so on through proper authorization systems used for protecting user devices. Some strategies include encryption, MDM, sandboxing, wiping and so on(Paschke, 2014). When BYOD devices are connected to the internet, it is exposed to many risks that can be prevented using appropriate policies for protection for environment security. Productivity reduction and data loss can result from mismanagement of BYOD devices. It is imperative to monitor and track the devices. Sensitive data can be removed from the mobiles such that there are no risks of sharing them. A remote wiping would help erase the stored data from a mobile in case it is stolen(Infrascale, 2014). Data losses can cause serious financial losses for the company. Thus, there is a need to have a control on how data is used and what data is shared. Certain data protection rules and strategies can be used such as: Employee logs on the use and sharing of files can be created Company can use password management policies for creating safe passwords. Some restrictions can be set for employees outside with minimal access to company systems minimal(WatchGaurd, 2013). Users must be taught on different concepts of security such as device administration, data encryption, authentication, malware, incidence response, and more(Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, 2015). References Attorney-Generals Department, Canberra . (2011, March 28). Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 . Retrieved from rm.coe.int: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680304330 EY. (2013). Bring your own device - Security and risk considerations for your mobile device program. EY. GILBERT, P. L. (2014). Surveillance of workplace communications:What are the rules? TOBIN. Infrascale. (2014). BYOD Program Best Practices for Data Protection Security . Infrascale. Kim, K. Hong, S. (2014). Study on Enhancing Vulnerability Evaluations for BYOD Security.International Journal Of Security And Its Applications,8(4), 229-238. https://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsia.2014.8.4.20 Morrow, B. (2012). BYOD security challenges: control and protect your most sensitive data.Network Security,2012(12), 5-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(12)70111-3 NIST. (2014). Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. (2015). Is a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Program the Right Choice for Your Organization?: Privacy and Security Risks of a BYOD Program. Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. Paschke, C. (2014). Bring Your Own Device Security and Privacy Legal Risks. Information Law Group. Romer, H. (2014). Best practices for BYOD security.Computer Fraud Security,2014(1), 13-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1361-3723(14)70007-7 Tokuyoshi, B. (2013). The security implications of BYOD.Network Security,2013(4), 12-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(13)70050-3 WatchGaurd. (2013). BYOD: Bring Your Own Device or Bring Your Own Danger? WatchGaurd. Wiseman, C. (2013). BYOD: Bridging the gap.Seced,2013(9). https://dx.doi.org/10.12968/sece.2013.9.1832

Womens Rights (3423 words) Essay Example For Students

Womens Rights (3423 words) Essay Womens RightsNot ago, in the nineteenth century, the words that our forefathers wrote in the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"that all men were created equal,† held little value. Human equality was far from a reality. If you were not born of white male decent, than that phrase did not apply to you. During this period many great leaders and reformers emerged, fighting both for the rights of African Americans and for the rights of women. One of these great leaders was Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Stanton dedicated her entire life to the women’s movement, despite the opposition she received, from both her family and friends. In the course of this paper, I will be taking a critical look at three of Stanton’s most acclaimed speeches â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments†, â€Å"Solitude of Self†, and â€Å" Home Life†, and develop a claim that the rhetoric in these speeches was an effective tool in advancing the movement as a whole. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born November 12, 1815, in Johnstown, New York. She was born unto a conservative, Presbyterian family of considerable social standing. Her father, Judge Daniel Cady, was considered to be both a wealthy landowner and a prominent citizen with great political status (Banner 3). Stanton was one of seven children, 6 of which were girls, to be born to Daniel and Margaret. Growing up in the period that she did, Elizabeth was very fortunate to receive the outstanding education that she did since it was not as important to educate daughters as it was sons. She overcame that boundary when she began attending Johnstown Academy. She was the only girl in most of her classes, which was unheard of in those days. Even when females did attend schools, they were learning about â€Å"womanly† things, like how to run a household, not advanced math and science courses, like she was in. She then went on to further her education at a very prominent educational institution, Emma Willard’s Troy Seminary. After that she studied law with her father, who was a New York Supreme Court Judge. It is through this training that her awareness was raised about the discrimination that women were subjected to. In 1840, Elizabeth married an abolitionist organizer named Henry Stanton, much to her family’s dismay. After their marriage, Elizabeth and her husband traveled to London for a worldwide antislavery convention. It was here that she met Lucretia Mott, another well-know women’s rights reformist, who was chosen as an American delegate to the convention. They were both outraged that the female delegates that were attending this convention were denied participation because of their sex. It was at this convention that their fire was ignited and they became allies in the war against the discrimination of women’s rights. The first wave of the women’s movement is said to have begun roughly in the year 1840, and lasted through the year 1925. While the conve ntion in London sparked the fire in 1840, it was not until 1845, that the fire was a full blaze. The signature event that is believed to be the official starting point of the women’s suffrage movement was in 1848 when a group of women met in Seneca Falls, New York (Wood 66). The Senaca Falls Convention was organized by a group of women, including Stanton, that were fed up with the mistreatment of women in the antislavery battle. They were now going to primarily place their focus on the rights of women. Consequently, the movement became almost entirely white, both in interest and membership (Wood 68). It was at this first convention that Stanton delivered the Speech the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† which addressed the grievances that women had suffered under the â€Å"unjust government of men†. I will go into much greater detail concerning the specifics of this speech, later in the paper. We will write a custom essay on Womens Rights (3423 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the beginning, the women’s movement was not just a single-issue movement. Stanton realized that women were being oppressed in every aspect of their lives. Among the causes that she advocated are as follows: coeducation, girls’ sports, job training, equal wages, labor unions, birth control, cooperative nurseries and kitchens, property rights for wives, child custody rights for mothers, and reform of divorce laws (Wood 67). Many women did not find a problem with fighting for these grievances, they were, however, fearful of the suffrage issue. They felt that it was just too radical. Stanton, however, recognized the importance of the politics, due to the influence of her father, during the early years of her life. She knew that without the right to vote, or political recognition, women had little chance of advancement. Stanton and the other women like Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Sojourner Truth, who organized the Seneca Falls convention, had great hopes that this c onvention would trigger â€Å"a series of conventions embracing every part of the country.† And that is exactly what happened. Women’s rights conventions were held on a regular basis from 1850 until the start of the civil war (Gurko 27). It was after the civil war, that the movement suffered a setback. The main focus of political reform that dominated after the civil war was Black suffrage. This very much so influenced the struggle for women suffrage. The abolitionists, whom the women had fought for and felt they were allies with, turned their back on the women. The abolitionist wanted nothing to do with the women’s struggle for freedom until their rights were secure. It was at this time that to women realized that gaining the right to vote had to be their most important focus. It was then that â€Å"women’s rights† became almost synonymous with â€Å"women’s suffrage†(88 DuBois). Although the alliance with the abolitionists had been broken, this disaffiliation refueled the women’s fire and made them reevaluate the substance as well as the form of the women suffrage movement. Their base of argument was no longer on â€Å"universal suffrage†, rather the suffrage of women, based on the actual grievances of women’s lives. Stanton brought into attention the sexual exploitation of women, the nature of marriage, and the need for divorce reform (DuBois 94). She made the connection between these exploitations and the need for political equality in a speech that she delivered in 1875, â€Å"Home Life†. Again, I will be addressing this speech in greater detail, later in my paper. Elizabeth Stanton was no stranger to criticism. Later in the movement she introduced many controversial beliefs that many critics would say discredited her accountability as a great leader (Banner 159). Stanton believed that organized religion had a conservative impact on society, which led women to tolerance and submission to authority, which counteracts the movement’s belief in equality. Stanton made her opinions public that she felt the church is was major cause of women’s oppression. This belief was not popular among many of the followers, thus causing them to turn against her. The later part of the nineteenth century was not an easy time for Stanton. She was heralded as being a radicalist in a time were conservatism was dominant. Stanton, realized that her time as a key leader of the movement was running out. In her most famous speech, â€Å"Solitude of Self†, which was delivered when she resigned as president of the NAWSA (National American Women Suffrage A ssociation), Stanton presented the philosophical core of her thought about women’s emancipation. She also addressed the differences between her controversial ideas and those with more conservative beliefs, that were coming to dominate the suffrage movement (187 DuBois). Her basic message in this speech was that of the necessity of equal rights for all individuals, a theme that was central to all her writings and speeches. While Stanton never did get to see the rewards of her life long struggle, the nineteenth amendment, which allowed women the right to vote, was passed nearly 20 years after her death. Her struggles and hardships she had endured were not in vein. Victory prevailed. Now that I have provided an extensive overview of Elizabeth Stanton and the women’s movement during the late nineteenth century, I will now be taking a closer look at the rhetorical components of three of Stanton’s speeches that I have just mentioned. Speeches can be extremely difficul t to analyze due to their complexity. The way that I, as a critic, intend to tackle these complexities will be by employing the following four steps: observation, analysis, interpretation and evaluation (Foss 26). .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .postImageUrl , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:hover , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:visited , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:active { border:0!important; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:active , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: During the Holocaust, many labor and mass murder c EssayThe first speech I will focus on is her address that she delivered at the Senaca Falls convention in 1848. The â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† focuses on women’s right to demand political equality, a stand that gave feminism a clear strategy that set it upon firm ground. Stanton, while she was not the sole composer of this speech, was the main driving force behind it. Upon first observation of the speech you will notice that she carefully drafted it to closely resemble the 1776 Declaration of Independence, thus connecting the women’s campaign for equal rights directly with the American symbol of Liberty. Using this former document as a model, she utilized as much of the original wording as possible. She also created a list of eighteen of the women’s grievances, the same numbers that were in the 1776 document. By using the 1776 declaration as a model, Stanton demonstrated great persuasive technique. Thomas Jefferson, who as the author of this document, was in his own time a great reformer, and since the rhetoric had already been widely accepted once, why not try it again? Now lets take a closer look at the significant changes and implications that were made in creating the new document. In the very first paragraph, of both documents, although a slight word variation, it is set out that their intentions in this document are to â€Å"declare the causes that impel them to such a course†. The causes for Jefferson may differ in the literal sense, but in essence, they were both writing these documents on behalf of their own people, demanding freedom, whether it be fr om the tyrannical rule of King George, or the tyrannical rule of man. In the first line of the second paragraph, the original copy read, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal†, while Stanton’s copy read â€Å"that all men and women are created equal. As normal as that sentence may sound now, back in 1884, it was a controversial proclamation. The next significant change that was made was the omission of the words â€Å"among men† in the line, â€Å"to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men†. Stanton believed that males only should no longer run the government. It was time for women to gain the right to political power as well. The final notable change was in the concluding sentences before the grievances were listed. Stanton changed the original, from labeling the Colonies, as the ones who have suffered in the hands of Great Britain’s King, to read it was â€Å"the patient sufferance of th e women under this government†. By making this change it is easy to see the irony that this American government, which the people created to escape the tyrannical rule of Great Britain, was the same government that was imposing its’ own tyrannical rule over women. Like the Declaration of 1776, Stanton’s version of the Declaration included a list of women’s grievances as well. A brief statement, not found on the one 1776 document introduced the list. The statement read as follows, â€Å"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.† She then went into the list of the specifics, which included: Women not being allowed to vote, married women being dead in the eyes of the law and having no property rights, women having to submit to laws they had no choice in, and husbands having legal power and responsibility for their w ives to the extent that could imprison or beat them. These were just among the few of the eighteen grievances that were listed. I think that what Stanton was trying to point out was that these practices of mistreatment were considered to be the norm, not but 70 years after the new, idealistic democratic American Government was formed. That in essence, women were fighting for that same thing that the forefathers of our country were fighting for when they wrote the Declaration of Independence, freedom and equality. The next speech I will analyze is â€Å"Home Life†, which is a speech Stanton gave on marriage and divorce. In this speech that Stanton delivered during lecture tours in the 1870’s, she speaks of morality, motherhood, and the shaping of children’s character (Dubois 131). She touched on the subject of the role that religion plays in keeping women oppressed. This controversial belief would eventually be the cause of Stanton losing many followers. â€Å"Home life† starts off by talking about the problem at hand, â€Å"whether a man and woman are equal, joint heirs to all the richness and joy or earth and Heaven, or whether they were eternally ordained, one to be sovereign, the other slave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (DuBois 132). Ultimately, this is the same problem that she addressed in the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† speech. She just says it in a much more realistic, almost disturbing, way. She is able to do this because the movement was no longer new. People were used to hearing about women’s oppression, and Stanton had to come up with new ways of people to see it for the cruel injustice that it was. One problem I see in comparing it to that of slavery is that many people of this day and age did not see slavery as wrong, therefore, by comparing to treatment of women to slavery, they may not see the treatment of women as subordinates as wrong either. The main issue that she addressed in the speech was dealing wi th the topic of marriage. She offers a very valid reason why, despite all the progress they have made thus far, their still is no equality of women in the church and state, because â€Å"men are not ready to recognize it in the home†. What she means is that by men giving into the women’s desire to gain political equality, it will thus cause them to demand more control in home life as well. Men feared this, and women yearned for it. Stanton recognized that women were being oppressed in all aspects of their lives, and that the right to vote would ultimately be the cure to all their problems, because it would lead o political liberation, which would lead to domestic liberation. Stanton argues in this speech that there needs to be a reform on whether or not marriage need be an indissoluble tie. She says that â€Å"from a woman’s standpoint, I see that marriage as an indissoluble tie is slavery for women, because law, religion, and public sentiment all combine under this relation, whatever it may be and there is no other human slavery that knows such depths of dedregation as a wife chained to a man whom she neither loves nor respects†. This to me was the most powerful part of the speech. She is making an appeal to all the women who are in a marriage in which they are unhappy, mistreated, abused, and felt they had no way out. She was putting into words what so many women of that time were feeling, helplessness. Still there was the concern that marriage was a sacred contract of the church. She addresses that concern with that statement that â€Å"the bible can be quoted on both sides†. Also she addressed the concern that marriage is a civil contract not to be broken. She raises the point that if marriage truly were a civil contract â€Å"it should be subject to the laws of all other contracts, carefully made, the parties of age, and all agreements faithfully observed. She pointed out, that on the contrary to the aforesaid, marriage is often enter into boy boys and girls twelve and fourteen years of age, without legal consent of their parents. In this speech, Stanton is very effective at addressing any doubts or questions the audience may have, without them ever having to question her. It was this ability to predict possible reasons for opposition that made her such a prominent speaker and leader in the women’s movement. In the end of this speech, she makes a final plea, that when marriage is based more on equality, then a â€Å"nobler type of manhood and womanhood will glorify the race!† This here, is great example of her attempt to widen the scope of the women’s movement, by suggesting that the equality of women will have a immense impact on all of mankind, not just women. .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .postImageUrl , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:hover , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:visited , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:active { border:0!important; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:active , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elderly Drivers EssayThe final speech that we will be looking at, which many consider to be one of the most moving statements of feminism, is titled â€Å"The Solitude of Self†(DuBois 246). The message of this speech was a demand for woman’s absolute self-reliance taking into account physical, emotional, financial, political, intellectual, and legal independence. Stanton argued that women must be free to take responsibility for their own lives. This speech differed greatly from many other of the speeches that she delivered, including the two that I talked about in this paper. Instead of inspiring her audience in an optimistic manner, in spoke less-then-optimistic tones about the essential isolation of each individual. She claimed that women were more vulnerable than men were because women were less prepared to defend themselves, nor were they expected to. However, according to Stanton, both sexes shared the same existential fate. No matter what laws were passes, no matter what reforms were established individuals would still be responsible for their unique and alone self. She begins the speech with the opening line â€Å"The point I wish plainly to bring before you†¦is the individuality of each human soul†. She goes on to talk about the â€Å"awful solitude† that all individuals, especially women have had to endure over the course of their life, especially during: childhood, marriage, childbirth, widowhood, old age, poverty, catastrophe, and death. She also speaks of the importance of education in this speech. She believes that women need to be properly educated, because women need not be dependent on no one but themselves. It is in the course of this discussion that Stanton acknowledges that not all women prefer independence, some prefer â€Å"to lean, to be protected and supported†. She says that regardless of what the woman desires, she must know how to and be able to support herself, because truly all people are alone in this world. Stanton also used the political implications of self-sovereignty to counter-act the claim that men, could use their ability to vote and make laws, to act on the behalf of women. Acc ording to Stanton beliefs, no one could represent anyone else but themselves. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a pioneer in the modern quest for women’s rights. She is one of the few women whose impact on the shaping of America has been generally acknowledged, and rightfully so. Her social vision was to liberate society from false perceptions, outdated customs, unjust laws and false religious doctrines. Through analysis of three of Stanton’s speeches all these visions became quite clear. Unfortunately, Stanton did not live long enough to see her ultimate goal attained, the end to women’s suffrage, it is cleat to me that it was the rhetoric of Stanton’s speeches that advanced the movement to where it is today. BibliographyBanner, Lois W. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, A Radical for Women’s Rights. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980. DuBois, Ellen, ed. Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony: Correspondence, Writings, Speeches. NY: SchockenBooks, 1981. Foss, Sonja. Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and Practice. Illinois: Waveland Press, 1989. Gurko, Miriam. The Ladies of Seneca Falls: The Birth ofThe Women’s Rights Movement. NY: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1974. Wood, Julia. Gendered Lives. NY: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999. American History