Theories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learning Essay Example for Free

Theories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learning EssayUnit 4 Theories and principles for planning and modify attainment Introduction There are four main schools of thought around the concept of teaching and education. This assignment aims to discuss what those schools are, how each of them are relevant to a teaching approach and how some of those theories relate to my own working practice. Identify and discuss the signifi canfulce of relevant theories and principles of learning and communication The four schools which electric shock on learning are Behaviourist The premise behind this theory is that learning occurs because of an external stimulus. The teacher provide impact on learning significantly and therefore learning will be a passive process. Skinner (1904 1990) used a skinner box to show that animals would repeat an action when rewarded any through positive or negative reinforcement. In the learning environment examples of this theory are when a scholarly person is successful they may gain a certificate, verbal praise, longer break (positive reinforcement) or achieving a high grade allowing them to miss out additional elements of coursework. (negative reinforcement) E.L Thorndike (1874 1949) played a crucial federal agency in determining key laws to learning from a behaviourist perspective. He argued that learning was a gradual process and certain conditions would encourage learning. These were a) The law of essence learners are more likely to continue with a behaviour /learning if there is some sort of reward. Most commonly in the learning environment, a teacher will give verbal praise for success and positive efforts. b) The law of recency the most recent learning is most likely to be remembered and where a task has been stainless and rewarded soon after will have most impact on a learner.A good example is in DTLLS, assignments and journals are read and feedback given very soon after it has been submitted. It helps lea rners to know that they have been successful and achieved. c) The law of exercise The more a task is completed the quicker it is achieved. Within those 3 domains there are 6 levels of learning development. Starting from the bottom, with the easiest level, to the top, which is the most complex level of learning and achieving a form of ascendancy in a subject. When looking at Blooms 3 dimensional pyramid, I would argue that the behaviourist schools of thought would only promote lower level learning purely because there is no encouragement to think outside of the box and have free reign to test out hypotheses and ideas. Bloom taxonomy of learning has played a significant part in planning and enabling learning.The application of his theory helps teachers take an inclusive approach by being satisfactory to differentiate tasks to suit the learners abilities at that current time. It also means that whilst different levels of tasks are being set, all learners can grow at their own order and feel fully valued in the process. We might be setting different learning goals with learners based on their current level of learning just with a view to helping them to grow towards the next level of learning in Blooms model. Therefore, Teachers should be focused on promoting a growth from surface learning or learning without understanding (Petty, G.Pg 11. 2004) to deep understanding where the learner is able to critically evaluate and dissect their own ideas and findings from their learning. Gestalt theory is another important piece of theory that sits under the cognitivism framework. In particular the work of Max Wertheimer (1922) shaped the theory in learning. Gestalt means whole or shape or conventionality (www. learningandteaching. info/). In contrast to Thorndikes earlier concept that learning requires no insight, the Gestalt angle emphasises the importance of insight in learning. According to J.Atherton it concentrates on the way in which the mind insists on finding bods in things, and how this contributes to learning, especially the development of insight. (www. learningandteaching. info/) According to gestalt theory, the brain will eventually see a pattern in what a learner is studying and make sense of it before the learner fully understands what it is they really understand the concept in a put by stage process Once they have the knack, that learning becomes permanent. Within the learning environment, when many learners are trying to learn new skills, they can experience frustration and anxiety.It is the job of the teacher to keep motivating and encouraging them to continue until they get the knack. Such an example might be a learner driver learning to pull off without stalling. Its useful to consider the Gestalt approach when planning lessons because if the teacher has a structured and repeated method of doing things, the learners will recognise the pattern and find it easier to complete exercises and learn from those exercises. Constr uctivism in learning Constructivism sits under the umbrella of cognitivism.

ECH125 T5CulturalInstructionalStrategies Essay Example for Free

ECH125 T5CulturalInstructionalStrategies EssaySEVEN-YEAR-OLD MARIA IS AN OUTGOING, HAPPY SECOND-GRADER WITH STRONG LITERACY SKILLS IN FACT, SHE IS BILINGUAL, SPANISH/ENGLISH. HER favourite PART OF SCHOOL IS READING AND WRITING STORIES. SHE ALSO ENJOYS MATH. SHE IS VERY ACTIVE AND ENJOYS RECESS AND CREATING DANCE STEPS IN PE. SHE IS SENSITIVE AND CAN GET HER FEELINGS psychic trauma EASILY. heathenish (ANTI-BIAS)AND instructional STRATEGIES ?CULTURAL usage THE READING AND WRITING LOVE AND feed READING AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS/ACTIVITIES IN SPANISH AND ENGLISH. ?INSTRUCTIONAL INTRODUCE more(prenominal) COMPLEX READING LEVELS, score ONE ON ONE WITH HER TOBEGIN WRITING STORY SUMMARIES AND IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA. RESULTS OF MENTOR TEACHER DISCUSSIONS WE DISCUSSED THE IMPORTANCE OR very HORNING IN ON studentS STRENGTHS TO PUSH HER TO ENSURE THE STUDENT IS LEARNING SOMETHING NEW.Ashley SIX-YEAR-OLD ASHLEY IS THE YOUNGEST OF FIVE CHILDREN. SHE IS VERY SHY AND CLINGS TO HER OLD ER SISTER EACH daylight WHEN SHE BRINGS HER INTO THE FIRST GRADE classroom. ASHLEY IS CURIOUS HER FAVORITE PART OF SCHOOL IS DOING SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS. SHE READS AT A PRIMER LEVEL, BUT ENJOYS HAVING PEOPLE READ TO HER. CULTURAL (ANTI-BIAS) AND INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES?CULTURAL INTRODUCE STRATEGIES FOR HER TO FOCUS IN ON HER CURIOSITY AND BLOSSOM THROUGH HER LOVE FOR SCIENCE. ?INSTRUCTIONAL TURN FOCUS TO SIGHT WORDS AT HER LEVEL AND START WORKING ON GETTING HER INTO A TITLE READING convocation SO SHE CAN GET THE EXTRA WORK IN READING. RESULTS OF MENTOR TEACHER DISCUSSIONSWE TALKED ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFY WHEN A CHILD NEEDS EXTRA WORK SUCH AND A TITLE READING GROUP AND ABOUT HOW EVEN though THEY ARE IN A OUTSIDE READING GROUP THEY STILL NEED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE CLASSROOM READINGS AS WELL. Xavier XAVIER IS A KINDERGARTENER WHO REALLY ENJOYS SPORTS, PARTICULARLY BASEBALL.HE HAS LOW LITERACY SKILLS. HE IS VERY SOCIAL AND ENJOYS INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHILDREN DURING RECESS, CLASS ACTIVITIES, AND AT THE COMPUTER. HE IS A hands-on LEARNER, CONFIDENT, AND A RISK-TAKER. CULTURAL (ANTI-BIAS) AND INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES ?CULTURAL USE HIS INTERESTS IN SPORTS AND COMPUTERS TO HELP KEEP HIM INTERESTED IN READING. ?INSTRUCTIONAL BUILD ON HIS CONFIDENCE AND HAVE HIM LEAD OTHERS STUDENTS WHEN 2014. GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PLAYING TEAM ACTIVITIES OR WHEN COMPLETELY GROUP ASSIGNMENTS. RESULTS OF MENTOR TEACHER DISCUSSIONS AGAIN WE DISCUSSED THE IMPORTANCE OF SEEINGSTUDENTS STRONG POINTS. EVERY KID IS DIFFERENT IN WHAT THEY ARE GOOD AT. GOOD TEACHERS NOTICE WHAT KIDS ARE GOOD AT AND HELP THEM dilate EVEN MORE. Paul PAUL IS A THIRD-GRADER WHO IS A VERY STRONG READER. HE CHOOSES TO SPEND MOST OF HIS TIME READING AND ENJOYS MANY DIFFERENT TOPICS. HE WRITES LONG AND COMPLEX STORIES DURING WRITER WORKSHOP AS WELL. PAUL SELDOM ENGAGES SOCIALLY WITH OTHER CHILDREN IN FACT, HE IS QUITE TIMID WITH BOTH CHILDREN AND ADULTS. CULTURAL (ANTI-BIAS) AND IN STRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES ?CULTURALHAVE HIM WORK IN SMALL GROUPS WITH OTHER CHILDREN ON ASSIGNMENTS OR HAVE HIM PARTNER READ WHEN APPROPREAITE.?INSTRUCTIONALINTRODUCE AND HIGHER READING LEVEL AND MOVE ON TO MORE ADVANCE PART OF THE WRITING PROCESS. RESULTS OF MENTOR TEACHER DISCUSSIONS WE AGAIN TOUCH ON THE TOPIC OF NEVER STOPPING WITH A CHILD, EVEN THOUGH A CHILD MIGHT BE GREATLY ABOVE THE GRADE THEY ARE IN OR THE GRADE YOU ARE TEACHING ITS exceedingly IMPORTANT TO GO FIND MORE CHALLENGING WORK FOR THEM TO BE SUCCESSFUL.Jamaica THIS FOUR-YEAR-OLD PRESCHOOLER HAS EXCELLENT FINE AND GROSS MOTOR SKILLS. SHE ENJOYS GAMES WITH OTHER CHILDREN, JUMP ROPE, AND PE CLASS. SHE IS A CREATIVE ARTIST AND PARTICULARLY EXCELS AT PAINTING. HER LITERACY SKILLS ARE AVERAGE.SOCIALLY, SHE IS OUTGOING AND EASILY ACCEPTED BY HER PEERS. CULTURAL (ANTI-BIAS) AND INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES ?CULTURAL ALWAYS ALLOW HER TO USE HER CREATIVITY AND SHARE IT WITH OTHERS. ?INSTRUCTIONALINCORPORATE READING AND WRITING IN A CREATIVE WAY TO SHOW HER WRITING AND READING ARE merriment AS WELL. RESULTS OF MENTOR TEACHER DISCUSSIONS WE TALKED ABOUT HOW PRESCHOOLERS WHO ARE AVERAGE AND THAT ARE SOCIAL SOMETIMES SLIP BY, ITS IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE TEACHERS WORK ONE ON ONE WITH ALL STUDENTS AND WORK AT THEIR LEVEL AND CONTINUE TO PUSH THEM TO THE NEXT LEVEL. 2014. GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Advantages And Disadvantages In Cross Culture Communication Cultural Studies Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages In Cross Culture Communication ethnic Studies EssayManaging a stain kitchen-gardening. Its impact on muckle and business. Summary about Various levels of ending. Topic compargond on Cross last communication and Quality way a cross culture outlook. This topic allow in communications between contrary cultures and quality of work depending on cross culture and findings of almost advantages and disadvantages in cross culture communication and few diverge in impact of culture in quality managementIntroductionCulture is nothing but the value and beliefs. Its an action of information assign by pigeonholing of people. In somehow culture matters a lot for many people in different cultures and community. Its a communication of radical .Its also a cultivated behaviour of godliness. Communication includes a groups, information, belief, principles and reasons. Sum of learned persons conduct of a number of people that considered generally a tradition of th at individual and atomic number 18 communicate from generation to generation.Culture is ethnology must be handled cargonfully. Modern era it is lots often used word. Its comparable group of people in a similar community and also people from different community performing activity. E precise People in this world become their own values and beliefs which resembles their ethnic activities. master(prenominal) problems is that the use of the word as a cross culture- is very wider sense. at that place is wider difference between notions to nations culture, their nations activities in such a way that individual from different nations hard to understand and also its takes lots of time adopt and also there is a chance to that person may not adjust to culture of different country which causes CULTURS SHOCK. It is hands-down to talk about culture, but real problem comes when its faced. To find out problems of a particular group of different culture 1 person must know the dos and dont s particular culture. Every pagan groups act differently, thinks differently. There is no standard rule that different culture group have identical features there may have some features but all the way. Knowing culture among groups person must adopt separate group culture. It, Stills, calls for purpose when handling with different groups.FindingsThere are two different to topic like Cross cultural communication and impact of cross culture in quality management. Each topic has their own definitions Says Cross Culture Communication is the communication between two sects or more in order to exchange their views ideas emotions feelings etc Cross Culture shows a big emphasis on quality management on the business organisationsHere are the some of the findings of cross culture communicationCultural Knowledge solicitation different culturesWorldwide involvementInter Culture awarenessEducation placementCultural KnowledgeBefore giving international assignment, it is best known ones cultu ral activities and in effect(p) to know the cultural differences among the existing country and home country. If the bias exist, one must give conclusion how much extent the person nates adopt changes. There are few accepts which are common where people can easily accept (like greeting), and some other accepts May gets some adjust (like problem solving). To find the solution of cultural knowledge is no easy delegate it some so much of time to solve. Its better to provide continuous theory classes, Video classes in order adopt cross culture activitiesAssembling different culturesGathering different culture in one place so that they can exchange views, ideas, thought so that it makes them to adjust with each other that help the cross culture people mingle. There may be some disturbance of thought because of cross culture behaviour but that are to come extent only. The data that collected from congregate may helpful for further assistanceWorld InvolvementIn past 20th cytosine they are some organisation who are not much concentrated in culture activity because they are more concern with inner- country development. In modern era every business forms has changed a lot they are more concern diversifying there business that directly impact on the behaviour and activity of a perticular of a country. In order to sustain the business they must awareCultural activities of the country. So that they can make good cyberspace in the organisationInter Culture awarenessEvery culture more to say every religion has its own coustom of doing thing. As culture is group of religions performing the similar activity of their own away. In that sense one group may have domination and other may not. Domination religion has power of judgement that was followed by other too.So knowing of cultural activity of a purticular or all in whole it will be easy to act like a intar cultural person. That make the person or a group to adjust and it is one of the best way to avoid cultural shockEd ucation systemWorld is divided based on geographysical sphere. Every country individually has more cultural reasons. So if our education system teach about culture behaviuours of different country that makes easy to an individual to adjut with cultural behavioursImpact of Quality Management by Cross Culture BehavioursThere are different studies done bye the researchers know what activity in the organisation impacting more on the quality management. They said developing countries industrial sector not developed when that compaired to developed countries. All the difference formed on various aspect in that one of the specific one is Culture Bias. rafts of argument do on Culture activities. Some conculded that behaviour and cultural aspect of a perticular individual is going to effect TQM (Total quality Managemet) of an organisation.Below are the some of the findings of Demostic Business and cultural impact on itDemostic Business movementInternational OperationEffects on TQMAd hoc CultureDemostic Business OperationEvery organisation has to own individual operation who are concentrated on particular set of people. Here cultural behaviour does find much impact on business. As the business is viewing on group of people. Here the individualism can act a major picture. Individual decision can be admitted as the business is concerntated on particular group. In this point of view quality management will be apporiateInternational operationsIf the Demostic business wants to diverse. The major research will comes to picture is cultural behaviour of foregin country. All the levels of business will be carried on foregin country where there is contain scope of foregin managerial fuction to carry. Basing on cultural behaviour on foregin people function must me made so that organisation is going to have good quality businessEffects on TQMThere are various difference of cultural activities carried out from one country to the another because of diversification. And every cul tural behaviour impact on total quality management. Every country has there own ways of implemenations of TQM. Home country business we can tumefy come individualism but when its come to global business individualism will not be considered if its is done so that effect the quality management vice versaAd hoc CultureIf the organisaton carrying out there operation for a specific purpose and selected a set of religious people say like Haleem makers they select group of people of there own religion and market the product here culturally concentrating groups so obsicouly quality management will be highConclusionYour Way, My Way, Our Way. Individual Group Cultural behaviour, Different Group Cultural behaviours the both are two different boats having their own character. Many researcher conducted great research on Cultural aspect that are effecting to organisational business. Each have their own disadvantages say like Individual group individualism impacts more. Desecion made by one domi native group which as to follow by others. Even though judgement may not like by the others but they have to follow. Inorder avoid this inter cultural communication must be nessary. If we takes different view thats helps for better desecion making that effect organisational profit.When come to group culture every culture is superior than the others. They are some people who not intrested to adopt the different cultural behaviours that people are good loss to the organisation. Human are such a creatures where cultural and relegious behaviour impact a lot because they are social animals they have to obey the rules and regulations of purticular. Their society made rules such like that where thay can adjust and have a happy living. Organisation has to form the managerial function such a way that they dont disturbe individual cultural and group culture as wellEvery Culture in the world made by values and traditions. Values may concern with Individual values or group values. In this busin ess world pesonal and group values palying a vital role. If the orgatiation protecting the values all the groups and people that result very huge profit to the organisation. Human Resource are the major factor of production to an organisation. So the organisation has to protect the Values, Culture, traditions etc of human resource that result optium resultVice Versa

Analysis Of Moral Education

Analysis Of clean EducationThe word ethics is interpreted from the Greek word ethos which means custom or usage. Ethics great deal be delimitate as a philosophical study of lessons that is of ripe(p) behaviour righteous obligationmoral attitudemoral responsibilitysocial justice and heartfelt living conditionsVALUES Can be defined among other things as price appraisal,iethe price of something comp bed with the price of anotherrank qualitygradestandard andhigh attri moreoveres (in thoughts, religion and association)The terms moral shelter and ethical value are usually used to convey the sense of good or fructify as opposed to immoral and unethical. incorruptity is a social instrument that guides persons and groups in their daily lives. It requires unmarried(a)s and groups to follow it. It helps the people to be consider rationally as members of bon ton.NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTSV. Grassian (1981) says that attempts to give coherent or logical, overbearing and jus tifiable answers to moral questions are called normative ethics. This means that moral ethics focuses on normative statements which conduct implications on human behaviour. Hence, it flock be state that a normative statement is a value astuteness that is good or bad, unseasonable or correct, acceptable or unacceptable. The physical exertion, Abortion is an immoral manage is a normative statement. virtuous judgements move be dual-lane into either special or general. According to W.K. Frankena (1973), he says that in a moral judgement we ordure say that a authoritative exertionion or type of achieve ismorally good or badobligatory or non-obligatory needful or unnecessary to carry out.Such a judgement is called a judgement of moral obligation or denotic judgement.As a class we can discuss guinea pigs that are not compriseions nor types of action concerning individuals, their needs, aims and behavioural traits or nature. Similarly, we can also say they aremorally good, ba d, virtuous (having better behaviour or higher(prenominal) moral principles than others),vicious( evil, cruel) responsible, saintly, etc.Evaluation of this sort is called moral value judgement or aretaic(excellence of virtue) judgement.Table 1.11) Normative Statements with Moral JudgementsSpecialGeneralJudgements of moral obligation (Deontic judgements or obligations)I do not like to dispise any bingleYou need to be a dedicated studentWhat Ahmad has done is wrong ?It is not kosher to force your son to work until late night.We need to keep to our promise every dictators deceive their peopleAll human beings need the right to immunityBribery is wrong in the eyes of law.Moral value judgements (Aretaic judgements)my father is a kind-hearted penghuluhe is always responsible in his workyou ought to be finedalis motive is good.a good person does not cheat or stealbenevolence(kindness) is a noble qualityjealousy is an ignoble(mean) motivethe person who can acquit such a negligence or mist ake is a saintly person.2) Normative Statements with Non-Moral JudgementsSpecialGeneralJudgements of non-moral obligation (deontic judgements)you need to buy a sunrise(prenominal) pair of shoesyou only need to buy tickets for this concertyou really should sleep earliershakira has to eat at the school canteen every day.to incur a table, you need nails, not scotch tape.A good method is to s shutting troops to the battlefieldTo answer correctly, students must read the questions care fully.All hostel residents should care for their safetyJudgements of non-moral value (aretaic judgements)that car is goodhis look is not happyI did not brush my teeth in the correct wayKamarul attempted to defend his argument in the debate.pleasure is good in itselfdemocracy is the best form of govt.peaceful demonstrations are allowed in umteen an(prenominal) western countriessweet food is not healthy.Normative statements in the form of direction or enunciates ie. To direct or order an individual or t he human race to obey a regulation or law, ex parents must be discoveredNon-normative statements are cognise as descriptive statements and they are not touch with judgement of moral value. Ex in Malaysia, reshuffling the cabinet is the prerogrative of the prime minister.NoMatterNon-normativeNormative1General electionsFewer people are registering themselves as votersGood citizens must register themselves as voters2 patrimonialsWe still do not know much hereditary engineeringGenetic manipulation should be used to check the deformity of babies at birth3SuicideSuicide cases have increasedKilling oneself as a personal sacrifice is permitted4PornographyPornography tarnishes life in the campusPornography is banned in the campus5ParentsParents have authority in the family ever obey the orders of your parentsBasic model of value 1)On our red currency note, bank Negara Malaysia makes this declaration this currency note is legal tender of Ten ringgit this is an example of value from the materialistic aspect. From the aspect of righteousness- there is no difference of opinion between a theft of RM10 and a theft of RM100, although there is definitely a difference in monetary value.2) in a society, if a person has a lot of money, he is considered rich if he does not have much money, he is considered poor. However, we should not assess a person solely on the al-Qaida of his wealth or the amount of money he possesses. Instead we should appraise him from the tear down of view his quality of living, his character and the moral determine that he possesses. Such intrinsic value can only be felt by the person concerned or are noticed and taken into account by people who divulge them.M.Rokeach (1973) in his book, The Nature of Human treasures, points out another peculiarity of moral value a value changes from fourth dimension to eon and is different from one place to another.Values has its own business offices it acts as a criterion or standard which is consi stent and strong for an individual or society to act in a way that is good, correct, and acceptableit is an indicator, reference, and guide to solve moral conflict. divers(prenominal) moral set may be in conflict with each other, however a guide from value itself lead be referred to in order to resolve the conflict. Ex you are offered a reward to carry out a depute which is dangerous. The task might be good for society but bad for your family (your safety is at risk) In this conflict, value plays an important role in making you arrive in a decision whether to accept the task or to reject the offer.It places a restriction on the behaviour or action of an individual or the society. An individual impart or will not do something or behave according to the value held by family.Instrumental (Extrinsic) Values and Intrinsic ValuesInstrumental values character reference received or rejected as instrument to achieve current objectivesDependent on other values to achieve certain object ivesSecond order values Bravery, diligence, respect for others.Intrinsic valuesQuality received or rejected solely because it is good or bad without considering its effect.Not dependent on other values to achieve certain objectives. The value mentioned it itself the last-place objectiveFirst order value kindness, love, justiceSubjective values and Objective ValuesSubjective values Quality accepted or rejected by someone who gives his viewsAccepted or rejected on the basis of an individuals opinionObjective valuesQuality that may be valuable or not valuable but free from personal choiceAccepted or rejected on the basis of a set of criteria agreed upon by all or a majority of people.Relative values and Absolute valuesRelative values Value accepted or rejected by regulations in a society in order to achieve certain societal objectivesCan change with timeAbsolute valuesValue the worth of which is not related to the custom of a certain societyConstant at all times and in all places and in al close all norms of society.Chapter 2 Theories and Value SystemsThe objective of the theory of normative obligations is to guide us to make decisions and judgements about actions in certain situations i.e. to try to determine what we and other people ought to do.Social Morality Theory (SM)The theory of SM is a theory which attempts to relate moral standards, regulations of a society and the countrys or universal law with ethical concepts. It also stresses the individuals responsibility to follow orders from an authoritative body.An individual has to know what he can and cannot do and whether a certain action is right or wrong or a certain behaviour is good or bad.Religious aspects Buddhists are advised not to be extreme in life i.e. not to unnecessarily torture themselves and not to be controlled by desire. They should also behave virtuously (to be kind and loving) in order to be rewarded, and finally to attain nirvana.Christians is governed by the commands and prohibitions set out in the Ten Cmmandments which prohibit killing, adulterous relations and stealing.Hindus are required to observe the moral regulations stated in ancient writings like the Ramayana and the Upanishads. These regulations guide the Hindus about what they ought to do and what they must parry.Malays Muslims must practice a disciplined life observing the moral and ethical teachings of the account book and the Hadis.Members of a society normally observe a scheme of moral standards with general principles related to moral norms. 2 most important functions are -the moral standards system in the society identifies situations so that each person wards off self-interest to strengthen a system of behaviour that brings benefits to self as well as to other peoplemoral standards serve to resolve conflict in the society by plentiful justifications that are acceptable to the public as bases for action which involves prudential claims and moral claims.Prudential claims are based on self interest that is on the needs, desires or objectives of individuals.Moral claims are based on standards that are outside the personal interest of individuals.A weakness of SM is that when different societies have laws, regulations, customs, and moral values that differ, misunderstanding, conflict and social tension may occur.Theory of Personality Virtues (PV)According to R.B. Ashmore, moral theory, which is said to be a systematic way in determine questions on values, begin when we ask, Why should I act in this way and not that ?MG Velasquez says that the individual is not born with the ability to understand and carry out moral standards. This ability, like his physical, emotional and cognitive abilities, develops with maturity. Hence, his ability to deal with moral issues is formed as he grows.Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher says that our moral ability, called personality virtues or morally good habits, is built with training and repeated practice. Moral ability is taug ht to us by our families or by society until we have plump accustomed to thinking, feeling and acting in ways that are morally appropriate. Qualities like courage, temperance, generosity, self-control, honesty, sociability, modesty and fairness or justice are personality virtues that can be acquired through habit.The formation of personality is in gradual stages and as follows during childhood we are told what is correct and wrong. We will obey advice as to avoid punishment. puerility obedience to moral standards is based on self interest.teenage the moral standards become internalized. We begin to understand the implications clearer and obey them. Obedience is based on committedness to family, to friends to country.Matured we inherit from family, peers, culture or religion. We begin to evaluate moral standards.An individuals PV can be summarized as All PV are acquired through the teaching-learning process or training.PV are habits, which means that they are ordinary deeds defi nite and prominent. When such a habit is formed, a stable tendency develops in the individual and this can be called that individuals characteristics.PV are operational ie they enable us to determine how to behave and act in a certain wayPV are good they differ from bad habits and vices. There are perfect, and allows us to act in the best possible manner. With the acquisition of PV, we become good individuals.Read up rascal 23 differences.1993 THE TWELVE PILLARS (page 25)VALUE TIMEDILIGENCE BRING SUCCESSENJOY YOUR WORKMODERATION IS VIRTUEPERSONAL ENHANCEMENTBE engagingINFLUENCE BY EXAMPLEDUTIES MUST BE DONEPRUDENCE AND THRIFTGIVE PRIORITY TO PATIENCESHARPEN YOUR ABILITYBE fictiveSERVICE ETHICS, VALUES AND NORMSSource Institute Tadbiran Awam Negara (INTAN) Malaysia bear on to table 2.1 Personal Enhancement- positive banish (page26)Theory of Teleological EthicsCan be divided into 2 juntoors -Teleological Theory (TT)Deontological Theory (DT)TT states that whethera value is rig ht or wrong depends on the final results of an action. The final decision depends on the account of good or right matters that have been done. TT places great emphasis on the consequential results of an action is also known as consequentialism.Utilitarianism Theory (UT)UT states that actions are right if they are useful or for the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. The bombing of Hiroshima, for example, was aimed at ending the world war which had caused much(prenominal) suffering.Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) an English philosopher introduced a scientific principle to analyze the quantity of pleasure. He allotted each factor with a value which can be analyse into 7 factors intensity of pleasure derived from an actionduration of pleasurecertainty of pleasurepropensity of the experience of pleasurefecundity / tendency to be followed by more pleasurepurity / tendency for an action to produce opposite effect and painthe calculus is done by multiplying the total balance with the achievement or number of people experiencing pleasure or suffering.Factors 1 4 are used to amount the value of pleasure or suffering. It is only aimed at a person and his experience of pleasure and suffering.Factors 5 and 6 are used to measure when counting many pleasures and suffering.Factor 7 is used when many people are involved. It also shows by giving attention to the increase in general happiness.This means that that UT requires us to choose an action that will produce the greatest good ( happiness and pleasure) for the greatest number of people.Some weakness the intensity of pleasure or pain is a subjective matter which is difficult to measure bcoz individuals feel differently.the quality of pleasure and pain see by one individual is not the same as that of another.It is difficult to measure the quantity of pleasure and pain of an individual at different times in different circumstances.EgoismCan be defined as a theory which considers a value as good if it benef its the individual himself/herself, and bad or cruel if it harms or causes him to suffer or loss.Egoism can be divided into 2 factors psychological egoism is a descriptive theory which states how people act. It considers that all MEN are selfish. It stresses that people act for their own self-interests and cannot act in any other way2) Ethical egoism prescribes how they ought to act and that all menought to be selfish or have the right to be selfish.Factors that encourage egoism are the social environment in influencing an individuals values our moral judgement, habits and behaviour are socially conditioned.b) The phenomenon called the new narcissism or hold of oneself,emerged from the desire to defend oneself from feeling shame orguilty because of unequal distribution of profits which benefits oneselfbut causes others to suffer.The presence of inelasticity in motivation and encouragement. Psychoanalysis and genetic reports consider that each personality trait can be traced to i nfancy but has been argued and disagreed by many psychologist saying that the operative motive in a baby or a small child is not the same as an adult.Deontological Theory (DT)Deon means duty. A person who holds deontological views believes that to act morally, we must have self-consciousness in receiving peculiar(prenominal) constraints or dominions which place our limits between self interest and the general good.Deontologists say that there factors which determine whether an action or rule becomes good or right apart from good or evil in its consequences.DT examines how responsible we are in treating other people and what our duties are towards them this is known as act oriented approach. It means the measurement or evaluation of ethics depends on the action of an individual and NOT the consequence of that action i.e. whether that action is right or wrong. From the DT theory- appears a principle known as Principle of Duty.Principles of Duty (PD)PD emphasizes duty for the sake o f duty. Immanuel Kant is regarded by some philosophers as the most important thinker on ethics. He wrote on ethics, commitment to freedom, dignity, human prestige and moral obligation. He believed that moral obligation does not spring from matinee idol or community or human authority but from reasoning.His moral views came to be referred to as Kants Ethics read up, page 37.Kants Ethics 1The concept of good willThe principle of categorical imperativeKants Ethics 2FormalismRigorismAbstractionConflicting ground of obligationPlace of inclinationsNo accounts for wrong doingChapter 3The Values of Religion and Belief.Main religions and beliefsIslamYoungest of the worlds major religionFrom Saudi Arabia 1,400 years agoSpread to all over the world by the end of the 20th centuryIslam and human developmentlife of an individual is a process which has continuitythe process begins 9 months before baby is born, i.e. from the time of impregnation until death and enter hereafter.God, i.e Allah swt, will send an angel to place a roh or nous in the embryo. This will influence and determine 4 aspects of the babys great deal in the future livelihooddeeds in the lifedeathsuffering or happinessdeath does not mean the destruction of roh. The roh will exist, after death, in a non-material from until punishment is passed on judgement day and it will be decided then whether YOU go to heaven or hell.The final objective of a virtuous life on earth for a muslim is to go to heaven eventually.Human Beings from an Moslem perspective In Islamic view man does not emerge from a material process but is made by essence that controls the world, ie Allah and possesses 2 elements roh and body.Man as Caliph / kalifahmans appointment as a caliph is a great reward from Allah which makes him more noble than other creatures including the angles.The attributes of a caliph are basically in existence in man when he makes the agreement with Allah in the roh.As a caliph, man should display his natural att ributes that he has within him through knowing and believing in Allah and His qualitiesIslamic beatified booksThe Koran is regarded as the original teaching of Allah. The holy verses in it contain messages revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.hadith (hadis) which is a record of the saying and actions of the Prophet S.a.w.Koran and Hadith are the most authoritative sources of Islamic teaching.Read upKoranHadisAspects of Islamic trainingThe concept of IbadahIslamic Moral Valuesonly the Koran must be the yardstick to understand Islamic moral value.If one practiced the Koran in full, one would be virtuous and pureFailure to obey or rejection of the Koranic teaching would bring chaos and disorder to mankind.Islamic morality is founded on aqidah (faith) provides strong foundation for the belief in Allah in the qadak and qadar (Faith), in sin and merit (pahala) in rewards and punishments in the hereafter.The Koran itemizes behavioural traits that are pitiable unbelieving in Allah s.w.t.hypocriticalenviousjealoustreacherous (dangerous but looks safe)lying, cheating, killing, drinking, committing adultery, etc.Read up examples of Islamic morals and important terms.Christianityplaces great grandness on the worship of Godthere is only 1 god and is a union of 3 persons God of Father, God of Son and God of the Holy Spirit.The founder of the religion is Jesus Christ. Anno Domini (AD), the year of the birth of Jesus Christ.A.D is used in dates in the non-muslim world to indicate the number of years or centuries that have passed since the birth of Jesus.Christians consider Jesus is the son of God sent to world to free man from sin.The Bible is the holy book for Christians. 2 parts ie Old Testament, written before the birth of Jesus Christ, and the New Testament, written by followers of Jesus Christ.History and Christian DenominationsChrist mean saviourThe earliest Christians were Jews who believed that Jesus was a prophet who came from that community.Old testaments deals with preparation and implementation about the birth of Jesus .New testaments is a testimony to the life, death and cheer over death of Jesus ,the new community, (the church) people of god which emerged as a result of Jesus.DenominationsThe Orthodox church mainly in eastern europium and RussiaThe Roman Catholic church the largestLutheran church supporters and followers of Martin Luther (german). The protestant church in GermanyThe Calvinist Church followers of John Calvin of the Protestant sectThe Anglican Church Church of England Methodist.Christianity and Human Development Mans relationship with God is more important than physical and cognitive development and growth. Many Christians believe the difference between man and animal is that man has been created in the likeness of God. This puts man on a higher class than gods other creatures.Man has 3 types of soul ie-growing soul enables man to multiply and growfeeling soul are external senses and internal emotionsI ntellectual soul allows man to think, to retrieve to have affective, creative, etcBible Is a scripture of the Christians. It will guide man to live a moral, bright and excellent life, advice him to avoid sinful activities and save him from negative elements.The whole Bible contains 66 volumes.Genesis is the first book of Moses(the first volume) in the Old Testament mentions how god created the world in 6 old age and rested on the 7th, the first man and woman Adam and Eve. In the book of Proverbs it says obey your parents, avoid sin, be loyal and faithful, be rational avoid adultery, dont be lazy, be honest, be generous.The Revelation of Jesus Christ is the last volume in the New Testament. Mentions the teaching of Jesus Christ. It contains other ethical values taught by Jesus such as humility, friendliness, patience, fairness, moderation, consideration for others.Terms in Bible Read -up page 70Bible God Man heaven Sin Hell Jesus ChristChristian Festivals read up page 71Refer t o the text book from pages 72 to 96 on these religions.BuddhismHinduismTaoismConfucianismSikhismNative beliefsENDCHAPTER 4THE MORAL PERSONThe concept of moral will be looked at in 3 aspects Moral contentMoral formMoral dimensionA) Moral contentRefer to rules of society and human characteristics. Under the rules of society, there are certain restraints on their freedom to act in order that the safety and human rights of others can be protected. These rules are compiled from old and new knowledge and experience in human life.The moral issues experienced first by an individual are the customary rules and regulations that form the mores of a society. These customs are validated by a human group.It refers to standards or rules of our ancestors. An individual accepts and acts accordingly because they are prescribed norms. They cannot be disobeyed or challenged. Expected to behave within the boundaries of customer morality.Reflective morality calls for reasoning and consideration of the in dividual. This leads to the formation of specific criteria to judge the way to actThe difference between customer morality and reflective morality is not what is believed but the reason that belief is preservedRules of society can be put into 10 points improve the standard of living of the peopledevelop the intellectual capacity of the people so that they can function more effectivelyprotect human lifedefend human rights and peoples welfareprevent degradation in behaviour and morals of the society modify conditions in the societymaintain peace in the societycreate and preserve social orderpreserve social harmony10) save time and effort when making decisions for oneself or other people.Human characteristics can be applied toIntrinsic motivation not to do something in a certain way, ex reluctance to break or promise, or hurt person and reluctance to help someone in need.Feeling of guilt and disapproval when an individual acts in a manner contrary to his own intrinsic motivation.Beli eved importance conduct brought about by intrinsic motivation is considered very important to an individual to the extent that he feels it should become part of his nature.Admiration or esteem Opposed to the negative attitude one has for people lacking in moral motivation is feeling of admiration and esteem for someone who has done something extraordinary in he moral sense.Special terminology A person hap it difficult to or does not know how to communicate his motivation, action or feelings.Believed justification must have justification for his motivation, sinful feeling, disagreeable attitude and admiration.B) Moral forms You are offered a high position in a government department that is riddled with corruption. If you try to oppose the corrupt system they expel you and step in you with someone new. In such a situation, is it right for you to accept the offer ?How do you resolve the moral conflict or dilemma ?Using your apprehension and referring to societal rulesConsider m oral principles which you consistently usesArrange the principles in a hierarchy so that one of more basic moral principles can be used as a tool to justify other moral principlesMake sure the principles in No 4 do not conflict with each other.Read-up on Principalistic Ethics Form and Situational Ethics Form page 106-107.Moral Dimensions can be broken into 3 factors reasoning feeling and performance. Refer to the diagram on page 108/109Moral reasoning to think and judge rationally and freely.Moral feeling love, compassion, sympathy.Moral performance to conduct oneself that is morally correct.Moral Agent and Recipient and Ethical Dimensions -page 110CHAPTER 5SOLVING MORAL CONFLICTTypes of conflicts that may arise A type of right may smash with another type of right, or a kind of freedom may clash with another type of freedom. BN and PKRconflict may arise between one person and anotherrights, utility, happiness, freedom and justice conflict arises between various values and con cerns.Ethical ConflictEgoism and general utility egoism can be seen when ones life is delightful (self or own interest) and general utility refers to interest or welfare of others rather than self.Happiness and duty good or bad (good for self but bad for others) right or wrong (right decision for self but wrong decision for others)Normative Conflict in Social Philosophy related to freedom, justice, rights, law and sovereignty. Some of these conflicts can be categorized as Conflict between justice and social utility many groups in society can be said to be very costly, ex children, the elderly and handicapped. They incur greater cost than benefits they bring. By reducing these cost, we are denying these group of people from a full share of benefits seems unjust / wrong. Education, medical treatment and special care should be considered. It is clear that the cost of the expenditure is higher than the benefits derived from them. In a situation like this, justice and utility confli ct.2) Rights and Freedom a woman has the right to have as many children as she likes, but the UN Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that it is the right of every children to have nutritious food and medical care. To maintain that right, only mothe

The Germ Theory Of Disease

The Germ supposition Of DiseaseThe germ possible action of distemper is a theory that suggests that all types of specific infectious distempers argon caused by micro-organisms called germs. This theory was developed by Louis Pasteur through the influence of Antoine Bechamp.Observation and questioning deliver1854 Pasteur, the 19th century biologist and chemist, becomes the director of scientific studies where he had studied.1857 He begins his work on the theory of germs and micro-organisms. His first research based on unrest in alcohol, such as wine and beer.Through his research, he found that fermentation with away oxygen, involved living organisms that abound in the surface of all objects in the contrast and in water.1861 Pasteurs germ theory is published.Hypothesis and experiment stage1864 He used the process of pasteurisation to heat liquid such as, take out and alcohol at about 50 degrees Celsius for certain clock and then cooled them in order to destroy the micro-orga nisms.From his observation, Pasteur was aware that if the microbes could affect liquids, then it was a first step that they could also affect animals and humans.1865 Pasteur begins his studies again after his asked by the silk industry to find the cause of the disease that had been affecting the silk worms.From his research he found that this infectious disease was caused by living organisms, in this case parasites, bacteria and fungi.Sharing findings stage1867 After Pasteurs influence, Joseph Lister a Surgeon decides to use this theory in health check procedures.Joseph begins to use phenol (Carbolic acid) solution to treat surgical wounds, reducing infections and deaths.Repeat by others stage1876 Robert Koch, a German physician was one of the people who naturalized that bacteria actually cause diseases. Based on Pasteurs previous studies, Koch was the first to disc over the cause of anthrax (a disease that was destroying cattle and sheep in Europe). With his research, Koch found a rod-shaped bacterium now known as (Bacillus anthrax) in a shortly cows blood.Koch experimented by growing a culture of the bacteria from the dead cow and injecting samples into healthy animals. When these animals became sick and subsequently died, Koch separated the bacteria from the blood of these cows and compared them with the original set of bacteria samples taken from the blood of first cow. He concluded that both samples of blood had the same bacteria.This occurrence proved that Pasteurs previous study on microbes the cause of most animal deaths meant that these infections where motivated by micro-organisms.Theory acceptance stage1888 The Pasteur institute was founded in Paris for the treatment of diseases and Pasteur became the director.Task 2 M1Scientific questioning.Questions science is currently addressing.Is there a cure for back up?Global warming, can it be stopped?IssueFirst of all, global warming has not been proved it is as much a theory as is the theory of mat uration and neither has been established as incontrovertible fact.The causes for global warming are umteen and varied the latest proponent is that there are likewise numerous of us already on the planet and the numbers are increasing rapidly. The mere fact that we are continuously breathing out carbon dioxide means that CO2 levels can completely increase which will further increase the warming effect.Science is world used in m either ways to bring about the aims of agenda 21, which was divulged at the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in Brazil on June 14, 1992. The main purpose of Agenda 21 is to control the world and reduce our population by 80-90%, which would bring the population down to around 500 Million. Vaccines pitch been developed and are being used covertly to render populations of developing countries infertile and therefore reduce the size of future generations.Questions science cannot answer except.Where did humanity come from?Is there sprightli ness on other planets?IssueAt the moment, from the scientists point of view there is no technology available at present to investigate this point which makes the undivided question very difficult to answer.Firstly, there is no way of knowing what forms of life could exist on the planets outside of our solar system. Moreover, the universe is simply too vast and present technology cannot provide space ships with the ability to travel fast enough to explore these far off regions. Water has been found on the moon in higher quantities than ever thought possible, and as Mars (which is thought most likely planet to concentrate some form of life) has conditions nigh to what is found in Antarctica (other than the absence of oxygen).It is quite likely that Science will be able to answer this question definitively within the next 10 to 20 years or so.Questions science may never answer.Can time travel be possible?When will the world end?IssueThe only way a definitive answer can be substantia ted is if time travel was possible and that information could be relayed back to the present time. This in itself is a paradox. However, in order for science to answer the question, other questions need to be presented.There is a raft of media attention focusing on the fact that the cultivation date on the Mayan calendar is December 21st 2012. As most of the predictions relating to key events in history progress to been successfully predicted, then it is quite sensible to hypothesise that by using the Mayan calendar, some catastrophic event could well happen on or immediately after the 21st of December 2012.philosophical proponents of the last days have different opinions as to when this event will take place. For instance, Christianity t to each onees that the world will end will end once deliverer has returned to earth and taken his true followers to heaven. It is written that Jesus himself does not know the date, as it is God the Father alone who knows.Ultimately, it is a know n and proven fact that the earth will eventually burn up in a billion or so years time, when the sun has expanded into a giant red ball of fire. However a date within a million years either way cannot be substantiated.Reasons why these questions are differentIs there life on other planets?Global warming, can it be stopped?When will the world end?Each of these questions are different, because in order for them to be answered there needs to be an evolutionary step ladder of scientific knowledge. In other words, the level of scientific knowledge we have at present can only provide answers to a limited number of questions.However once our present level of scientific knowledge evolves to yet a higher level, todays mysteries will be disclosed with ease.Argument For and AgainstThe Theory of Evolution.D1We should all be aware that evolution is just a theory and as such this assignment addresses arguments both for and against the Theory of Evolution.What is evolution all about? We are initia lly taught in schools, universities and by the media that all existence evolved from a unbiased life form over millions of years that the more intricate species on earth were compelled by natural selection, thus encouraging all present life on earth to have arrived at its present state as a result of what is termed as survival of the fittest. This is what most people take for granted as to what the term Evolution represents.However, there are modern aspects to the term Evolution, One example in microbiology, is where bacteria has become resistant to antibiotics these bacteria are said to have evolved into an antibiotic strain.For the purpose of this argument, I will deal with the former, where the term Evolution assumes that all present life has evolved from primordial forms of life.Evidence has been presented to support this theory most coming from fossil records.According to some records, the fossils examined as evidence reveal that living organisms such as the horse has modifie d over time. If we look at an example of a transitional form of record, we find that the horse has developed from a tiny animal with multi-toed feet existing within a tropical rainforest type environment, into a single-toed animal that is accustomed to a totally different environment.Additionally, evolutionists have proposed ideas that suggest that whales developed from early mammals such as camels, elephants and cows. Fossils of different animals were found to have similar characteristics as early whales. In their view this was the evidence to show different transitions.In contrast, there is also real evidence that overrules the theory of evolution. If we take a close look at the whales formation, we start to question how is it possible that what was once a camel, adapted to breathing air and land based have the mental ability to know how to hold its breath in order to put its head under water? And how many generations of camels would have to have been born for this ability to bec ome an inherent characteristic of its nature?Camels are herbivores, so at what point in their supposed evolutionary process were they able to begin to digest a wide range of food such as microscopic plankton and very large animals?Likewise, although evolutionists have argued that birds have developed from reptiles such as crocodiles there hasnt been any evidence to support this. Reptiles do not breathe in the same manner as birds, so how could a birds lung function possibly change from another type of lung function? To further support this argument of birds evolving from reptiles, there are no fossil records present reptiles with feathers, birds with scales or anything in-between.Also, creationists argue that there is nothing in the fossil records which definitively proves that there is a relationship between humans and apes or even between any other living systems. This view is supported by the bible in Genesis chapter 124-25, which statesAnd God said, Let the earth be filled with animals, each producing more of its kind. Let there be tame animals and small crawling animals and wild animals, let each produce more of its kind. And it happened.Verse 25 So God made the wild animals, the tame animals and all the small crawling animals to produce more of their kind. God saw that it was good.The key we learn from this quote is that either kind of living thing was spoken into existence at the same time, hence the word Kind. This includes all life forms that have become extinct since that time and are now to be found in the fossil records.To further support this when we look at the different types of animals of the same kind dogs, whales, lizards and butterflies in the world, the theory that one simple life form evolved into many different types of life forms, becomes negated.ConclusionTo conclude, looking at the arguments above it is quite fair to say that evolution is still a theory and not proven as fact there is as much evidence, if not more, to disprove it as a theory. contempt the fact that evolutionists have found evidence in fossil records to support transitional forms, there is still no obvious evidence of fossils which show festering between crucial life-forms such as humans and the apes.It is clear when looking at the likeness in the anatomy of all living systems that they indicate surpassing evidence for Intelligent Design rather than the development of living things from a simple life form.Bibliography(Scientific theories)EncyclopaediaWikipediaDiscovery channelYouTubeBooks An introduction to microbiology (first edition)

Incorporating Farmers Knowledge in International Rice Research Essay

Incorporating Farmers experience in International Rice Research The longevity of numerous destinations can be attributed to their fond regard to tradition, specifically subsistence practices. More likely than not, trying to push modern technology into these cultures will only result in disaster. Such is the case with the Green renewal and the rice situation Stephen Lansing covered in The Balinese. It simply does not seem logical to disrupt traditional practices that have supported a culture for so long. There is a reason received practices have been around for so long and that is because they work the best for certain people in certain locations. Sam Fujisaka supports this notion which is the basis for his article Incorporating Farmers Knowledge in International Rice Research. Fujiskas article describes his research done examining traditional farming techniques of the Claveria people of the Confederate Philippines, so that their methods of rice farming may be used to improv e research of agriculture. This article sets a good example for researchers of more developed countries who aim such indigenous cultures. Rather than trying to see which modern technology from the outside world will best tending these cultures, Fujisaka attempts to learn from these cultures traditional methods to help improve the farming industry. Fujisakas study of rice farming in the Philippines is much like Lansings study in Bali, in that both cultures rely heavily on rice farming and both cultures suffered much the same from the effects of the Green Revolution. Thus, finding what improvements need to be made and how, is an important task that could help many people. Fujisaka began exploring these improvements by interviewing local Clave... ...ys best for everyone. This is a point that is necessary for people (specifically anthropologists) to bring into the light when dealing with other cultures. Understanding as much as possible about a culture is essential before att empting to get involved with their lives and, as Fujisaka shows, before getting their lives involved in others. He concludes that the friendship of farmers can be used first to identify and prioritise research issues (139), and considering the respect for these cultures with which he conducted his research, Fujisakas study can be considered more sound than most. ReferencesFujisaka, Sam. Incorporating Farmers Knowledge in International Rice Research. The Cultural Dimension of Development IndigenousKnowledge Systems. Ed. Warren, D. Michael et al. 1995 124-139. Lansing, J. Stephen. The Balinese Fort Worth Harcourt, 1995.

Musings on Caltech :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Musings on Caltech   My parents convinced me to have a picture lotn a couple of months after I graduated from high school, back when I still thought I was pretty smart. Now, I only take the squabble to dress up when Im back at home, where I can be pampered by my parents. Here at Caltech, Im usually slightly emaciated (they dont bother with aliment Techers over weekends here) with a wearier complexion (Sleep? What is this sleep?). Also, I tend to be a little more shaggy-looking, since haircuts are rather rare for many Scurve Techers.   I like other people to conceptualise that Im part of a multifarious cultural elite. My life is a superfetation of high culture I enjoy authoritative music that turns normal humans insane (Glasss Floe from Glassworks, for example) Id be first in line to pay millions for the mindless doodles of a preschooler I take my dates to those enigmatic European films which people go to for the sole purpose of looking cultured and my spewing about the untapped potential of the information superhighway will stupid person even Al Gore. Of course, my crassness and boorish manners probably automatically disqualify me from any elitist group I crave to be a part of but that, of course, skillful apodictically identifies me as a cultural poseur.   It doesnt end there. Though Im not really all that white, Im still male, heterosexual, Christian (Protestant, even), pretty conservative, and non-vegetarian (notice all the impairment groups). Having been fairly thoroughly corrupted in submission to Western indoctrination (MTV, and all that), Ive been properly excoriated for oppressing more than my fair share of under-represented cultures women, atheists, liberals, gays.... Ive probably oppressed you, too, if you happen to be in any way different from me. Or maybe Im the victim. When someone reaches the point where hes willing to give up 5,000 years of cultural tradition just to listen to the insidious chortles of Beavis and Butthead, we really cant tell whos been victimized. Or at least, thats what we all claim.   These things should bother me constantly (Im the kind of guy who thinks more about how he should think/feel than how he really thinks/feels), but I cope with the ennui by numbing my senses with my opiate of choice studying Physics as a soph at Caltech. (This is odd, since I notice I probably waste more energy messing around with computers.