Analysis Of Moral Education

Analysis Of clean EducationThe word ethics is interpreted from the Greek word ethos which means custom or usage. Ethics great deal be delimitate as a philosophical study of lessons that is of ripe(p) behaviour righteous obligationmoral attitudemoral responsibilitysocial justice and heartfelt living conditionsVALUES Can be defined among other things as price appraisal,iethe price of something comp bed with the price of anotherrank qualitygradestandard andhigh attri moreoveres (in thoughts, religion and association)The terms moral shelter and ethical value are usually used to convey the sense of good or fructify as opposed to immoral and unethical. incorruptity is a social instrument that guides persons and groups in their daily lives. It requires unmarried(a)s and groups to follow it. It helps the people to be consider rationally as members of bon ton.NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTSV. Grassian (1981) says that attempts to give coherent or logical, overbearing and jus tifiable answers to moral questions are called normative ethics. This means that moral ethics focuses on normative statements which conduct implications on human behaviour. Hence, it flock be state that a normative statement is a value astuteness that is good or bad, unseasonable or correct, acceptable or unacceptable. The physical exertion, Abortion is an immoral manage is a normative statement. virtuous judgements move be dual-lane into either special or general. According to W.K. Frankena (1973), he says that in a moral judgement we ordure say that a authoritative exertionion or type of achieve ismorally good or badobligatory or non-obligatory needful or unnecessary to carry out.Such a judgement is called a judgement of moral obligation or denotic judgement.As a class we can discuss guinea pigs that are not compriseions nor types of action concerning individuals, their needs, aims and behavioural traits or nature. Similarly, we can also say they aremorally good, ba d, virtuous (having better behaviour or higher(prenominal) moral principles than others),vicious( evil, cruel) responsible, saintly, etc.Evaluation of this sort is called moral value judgement or aretaic(excellence of virtue) judgement.Table 1.11) Normative Statements with Moral JudgementsSpecialGeneralJudgements of moral obligation (Deontic judgements or obligations)I do not like to dispise any bingleYou need to be a dedicated studentWhat Ahmad has done is wrong ?It is not kosher to force your son to work until late night.We need to keep to our promise every dictators deceive their peopleAll human beings need the right to immunityBribery is wrong in the eyes of law.Moral value judgements (Aretaic judgements)my father is a kind-hearted penghuluhe is always responsible in his workyou ought to be finedalis motive is good.a good person does not cheat or stealbenevolence(kindness) is a noble qualityjealousy is an ignoble(mean) motivethe person who can acquit such a negligence or mist ake is a saintly person.2) Normative Statements with Non-Moral JudgementsSpecialGeneralJudgements of non-moral obligation (deontic judgements)you need to buy a sunrise(prenominal) pair of shoesyou only need to buy tickets for this concertyou really should sleep earliershakira has to eat at the school canteen every day.to incur a table, you need nails, not scotch tape.A good method is to s shutting troops to the battlefieldTo answer correctly, students must read the questions care fully.All hostel residents should care for their safetyJudgements of non-moral value (aretaic judgements)that car is goodhis look is not happyI did not brush my teeth in the correct wayKamarul attempted to defend his argument in the debate.pleasure is good in itselfdemocracy is the best form of govt.peaceful demonstrations are allowed in umteen an(prenominal) western countriessweet food is not healthy.Normative statements in the form of direction or enunciates ie. To direct or order an individual or t he human race to obey a regulation or law, ex parents must be discoveredNon-normative statements are cognise as descriptive statements and they are not touch with judgement of moral value. Ex in Malaysia, reshuffling the cabinet is the prerogrative of the prime minister.NoMatterNon-normativeNormative1General electionsFewer people are registering themselves as votersGood citizens must register themselves as voters2 patrimonialsWe still do not know much hereditary engineeringGenetic manipulation should be used to check the deformity of babies at birth3SuicideSuicide cases have increasedKilling oneself as a personal sacrifice is permitted4PornographyPornography tarnishes life in the campusPornography is banned in the campus5ParentsParents have authority in the family ever obey the orders of your parentsBasic model of value 1)On our red currency note, bank Negara Malaysia makes this declaration this currency note is legal tender of Ten ringgit this is an example of value from the materialistic aspect. From the aspect of righteousness- there is no difference of opinion between a theft of RM10 and a theft of RM100, although there is definitely a difference in monetary value.2) in a society, if a person has a lot of money, he is considered rich if he does not have much money, he is considered poor. However, we should not assess a person solely on the al-Qaida of his wealth or the amount of money he possesses. Instead we should appraise him from the tear down of view his quality of living, his character and the moral determine that he possesses. Such intrinsic value can only be felt by the person concerned or are noticed and taken into account by people who divulge them.M.Rokeach (1973) in his book, The Nature of Human treasures, points out another peculiarity of moral value a value changes from fourth dimension to eon and is different from one place to another.Values has its own business offices it acts as a criterion or standard which is consi stent and strong for an individual or society to act in a way that is good, correct, and acceptableit is an indicator, reference, and guide to solve moral conflict. divers(prenominal) moral set may be in conflict with each other, however a guide from value itself lead be referred to in order to resolve the conflict. Ex you are offered a reward to carry out a depute which is dangerous. The task might be good for society but bad for your family (your safety is at risk) In this conflict, value plays an important role in making you arrive in a decision whether to accept the task or to reject the offer.It places a restriction on the behaviour or action of an individual or the society. An individual impart or will not do something or behave according to the value held by family.Instrumental (Extrinsic) Values and Intrinsic ValuesInstrumental values character reference received or rejected as instrument to achieve current objectivesDependent on other values to achieve certain object ivesSecond order values Bravery, diligence, respect for others.Intrinsic valuesQuality received or rejected solely because it is good or bad without considering its effect.Not dependent on other values to achieve certain objectives. The value mentioned it itself the last-place objectiveFirst order value kindness, love, justiceSubjective values and Objective ValuesSubjective values Quality accepted or rejected by someone who gives his viewsAccepted or rejected on the basis of an individuals opinionObjective valuesQuality that may be valuable or not valuable but free from personal choiceAccepted or rejected on the basis of a set of criteria agreed upon by all or a majority of people.Relative values and Absolute valuesRelative values Value accepted or rejected by regulations in a society in order to achieve certain societal objectivesCan change with timeAbsolute valuesValue the worth of which is not related to the custom of a certain societyConstant at all times and in all places and in al close all norms of society.Chapter 2 Theories and Value SystemsThe objective of the theory of normative obligations is to guide us to make decisions and judgements about actions in certain situations i.e. to try to determine what we and other people ought to do.Social Morality Theory (SM)The theory of SM is a theory which attempts to relate moral standards, regulations of a society and the countrys or universal law with ethical concepts. It also stresses the individuals responsibility to follow orders from an authoritative body.An individual has to know what he can and cannot do and whether a certain action is right or wrong or a certain behaviour is good or bad.Religious aspects Buddhists are advised not to be extreme in life i.e. not to unnecessarily torture themselves and not to be controlled by desire. They should also behave virtuously (to be kind and loving) in order to be rewarded, and finally to attain nirvana.Christians is governed by the commands and prohibitions set out in the Ten Cmmandments which prohibit killing, adulterous relations and stealing.Hindus are required to observe the moral regulations stated in ancient writings like the Ramayana and the Upanishads. These regulations guide the Hindus about what they ought to do and what they must parry.Malays Muslims must practice a disciplined life observing the moral and ethical teachings of the account book and the Hadis.Members of a society normally observe a scheme of moral standards with general principles related to moral norms. 2 most important functions are -the moral standards system in the society identifies situations so that each person wards off self-interest to strengthen a system of behaviour that brings benefits to self as well as to other peoplemoral standards serve to resolve conflict in the society by plentiful justifications that are acceptable to the public as bases for action which involves prudential claims and moral claims.Prudential claims are based on self interest that is on the needs, desires or objectives of individuals.Moral claims are based on standards that are outside the personal interest of individuals.A weakness of SM is that when different societies have laws, regulations, customs, and moral values that differ, misunderstanding, conflict and social tension may occur.Theory of Personality Virtues (PV)According to R.B. Ashmore, moral theory, which is said to be a systematic way in determine questions on values, begin when we ask, Why should I act in this way and not that ?MG Velasquez says that the individual is not born with the ability to understand and carry out moral standards. This ability, like his physical, emotional and cognitive abilities, develops with maturity. Hence, his ability to deal with moral issues is formed as he grows.Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher says that our moral ability, called personality virtues or morally good habits, is built with training and repeated practice. Moral ability is taug ht to us by our families or by society until we have plump accustomed to thinking, feeling and acting in ways that are morally appropriate. Qualities like courage, temperance, generosity, self-control, honesty, sociability, modesty and fairness or justice are personality virtues that can be acquired through habit.The formation of personality is in gradual stages and as follows during childhood we are told what is correct and wrong. We will obey advice as to avoid punishment. puerility obedience to moral standards is based on self interest.teenage the moral standards become internalized. We begin to understand the implications clearer and obey them. Obedience is based on committedness to family, to friends to country.Matured we inherit from family, peers, culture or religion. We begin to evaluate moral standards.An individuals PV can be summarized as All PV are acquired through the teaching-learning process or training.PV are habits, which means that they are ordinary deeds defi nite and prominent. When such a habit is formed, a stable tendency develops in the individual and this can be called that individuals characteristics.PV are operational ie they enable us to determine how to behave and act in a certain wayPV are good they differ from bad habits and vices. There are perfect, and allows us to act in the best possible manner. With the acquisition of PV, we become good individuals.Read up rascal 23 differences.1993 THE TWELVE PILLARS (page 25)VALUE TIMEDILIGENCE BRING SUCCESSENJOY YOUR WORKMODERATION IS VIRTUEPERSONAL ENHANCEMENTBE engagingINFLUENCE BY EXAMPLEDUTIES MUST BE DONEPRUDENCE AND THRIFTGIVE PRIORITY TO PATIENCESHARPEN YOUR ABILITYBE fictiveSERVICE ETHICS, VALUES AND NORMSSource Institute Tadbiran Awam Negara (INTAN) Malaysia bear on to table 2.1 Personal Enhancement- positive banish (page26)Theory of Teleological EthicsCan be divided into 2 juntoors -Teleological Theory (TT)Deontological Theory (DT)TT states that whethera value is rig ht or wrong depends on the final results of an action. The final decision depends on the account of good or right matters that have been done. TT places great emphasis on the consequential results of an action is also known as consequentialism.Utilitarianism Theory (UT)UT states that actions are right if they are useful or for the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. The bombing of Hiroshima, for example, was aimed at ending the world war which had caused much(prenominal) suffering.Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) an English philosopher introduced a scientific principle to analyze the quantity of pleasure. He allotted each factor with a value which can be analyse into 7 factors intensity of pleasure derived from an actionduration of pleasurecertainty of pleasurepropensity of the experience of pleasurefecundity / tendency to be followed by more pleasurepurity / tendency for an action to produce opposite effect and painthe calculus is done by multiplying the total balance with the achievement or number of people experiencing pleasure or suffering.Factors 1 4 are used to amount the value of pleasure or suffering. It is only aimed at a person and his experience of pleasure and suffering.Factors 5 and 6 are used to measure when counting many pleasures and suffering.Factor 7 is used when many people are involved. It also shows by giving attention to the increase in general happiness.This means that that UT requires us to choose an action that will produce the greatest good ( happiness and pleasure) for the greatest number of people.Some weakness the intensity of pleasure or pain is a subjective matter which is difficult to measure bcoz individuals feel differently.the quality of pleasure and pain see by one individual is not the same as that of another.It is difficult to measure the quantity of pleasure and pain of an individual at different times in different circumstances.EgoismCan be defined as a theory which considers a value as good if it benef its the individual himself/herself, and bad or cruel if it harms or causes him to suffer or loss.Egoism can be divided into 2 factors psychological egoism is a descriptive theory which states how people act. It considers that all MEN are selfish. It stresses that people act for their own self-interests and cannot act in any other way2) Ethical egoism prescribes how they ought to act and that all menought to be selfish or have the right to be selfish.Factors that encourage egoism are the social environment in influencing an individuals values our moral judgement, habits and behaviour are socially conditioned.b) The phenomenon called the new narcissism or hold of oneself,emerged from the desire to defend oneself from feeling shame orguilty because of unequal distribution of profits which benefits oneselfbut causes others to suffer.The presence of inelasticity in motivation and encouragement. Psychoanalysis and genetic reports consider that each personality trait can be traced to i nfancy but has been argued and disagreed by many psychologist saying that the operative motive in a baby or a small child is not the same as an adult.Deontological Theory (DT)Deon means duty. A person who holds deontological views believes that to act morally, we must have self-consciousness in receiving peculiar(prenominal) constraints or dominions which place our limits between self interest and the general good.Deontologists say that there factors which determine whether an action or rule becomes good or right apart from good or evil in its consequences.DT examines how responsible we are in treating other people and what our duties are towards them this is known as act oriented approach. It means the measurement or evaluation of ethics depends on the action of an individual and NOT the consequence of that action i.e. whether that action is right or wrong. From the DT theory- appears a principle known as Principle of Duty.Principles of Duty (PD)PD emphasizes duty for the sake o f duty. Immanuel Kant is regarded by some philosophers as the most important thinker on ethics. He wrote on ethics, commitment to freedom, dignity, human prestige and moral obligation. He believed that moral obligation does not spring from matinee idol or community or human authority but from reasoning.His moral views came to be referred to as Kants Ethics read up, page 37.Kants Ethics 1The concept of good willThe principle of categorical imperativeKants Ethics 2FormalismRigorismAbstractionConflicting ground of obligationPlace of inclinationsNo accounts for wrong doingChapter 3The Values of Religion and Belief.Main religions and beliefsIslamYoungest of the worlds major religionFrom Saudi Arabia 1,400 years agoSpread to all over the world by the end of the 20th centuryIslam and human developmentlife of an individual is a process which has continuitythe process begins 9 months before baby is born, i.e. from the time of impregnation until death and enter hereafter.God, i.e Allah swt, will send an angel to place a roh or nous in the embryo. This will influence and determine 4 aspects of the babys great deal in the future livelihooddeeds in the lifedeathsuffering or happinessdeath does not mean the destruction of roh. The roh will exist, after death, in a non-material from until punishment is passed on judgement day and it will be decided then whether YOU go to heaven or hell.The final objective of a virtuous life on earth for a muslim is to go to heaven eventually.Human Beings from an Moslem perspective In Islamic view man does not emerge from a material process but is made by essence that controls the world, ie Allah and possesses 2 elements roh and body.Man as Caliph / kalifahmans appointment as a caliph is a great reward from Allah which makes him more noble than other creatures including the angles.The attributes of a caliph are basically in existence in man when he makes the agreement with Allah in the roh.As a caliph, man should display his natural att ributes that he has within him through knowing and believing in Allah and His qualitiesIslamic beatified booksThe Koran is regarded as the original teaching of Allah. The holy verses in it contain messages revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.hadith (hadis) which is a record of the saying and actions of the Prophet S.a.w.Koran and Hadith are the most authoritative sources of Islamic teaching.Read upKoranHadisAspects of Islamic trainingThe concept of IbadahIslamic Moral Valuesonly the Koran must be the yardstick to understand Islamic moral value.If one practiced the Koran in full, one would be virtuous and pureFailure to obey or rejection of the Koranic teaching would bring chaos and disorder to mankind.Islamic morality is founded on aqidah (faith) provides strong foundation for the belief in Allah in the qadak and qadar (Faith), in sin and merit (pahala) in rewards and punishments in the hereafter.The Koran itemizes behavioural traits that are pitiable unbelieving in Allah s.w.t.hypocriticalenviousjealoustreacherous (dangerous but looks safe)lying, cheating, killing, drinking, committing adultery, etc.Read up examples of Islamic morals and important terms.Christianityplaces great grandness on the worship of Godthere is only 1 god and is a union of 3 persons God of Father, God of Son and God of the Holy Spirit.The founder of the religion is Jesus Christ. Anno Domini (AD), the year of the birth of Jesus Christ.A.D is used in dates in the non-muslim world to indicate the number of years or centuries that have passed since the birth of Jesus.Christians consider Jesus is the son of God sent to world to free man from sin.The Bible is the holy book for Christians. 2 parts ie Old Testament, written before the birth of Jesus Christ, and the New Testament, written by followers of Jesus Christ.History and Christian DenominationsChrist mean saviourThe earliest Christians were Jews who believed that Jesus was a prophet who came from that community.Old testaments deals with preparation and implementation about the birth of Jesus .New testaments is a testimony to the life, death and cheer over death of Jesus ,the new community, (the church) people of god which emerged as a result of Jesus.DenominationsThe Orthodox church mainly in eastern europium and RussiaThe Roman Catholic church the largestLutheran church supporters and followers of Martin Luther (german). The protestant church in GermanyThe Calvinist Church followers of John Calvin of the Protestant sectThe Anglican Church Church of England Methodist.Christianity and Human Development Mans relationship with God is more important than physical and cognitive development and growth. Many Christians believe the difference between man and animal is that man has been created in the likeness of God. This puts man on a higher class than gods other creatures.Man has 3 types of soul ie-growing soul enables man to multiply and growfeeling soul are external senses and internal emotionsI ntellectual soul allows man to think, to retrieve to have affective, creative, etcBible Is a scripture of the Christians. It will guide man to live a moral, bright and excellent life, advice him to avoid sinful activities and save him from negative elements.The whole Bible contains 66 volumes.Genesis is the first book of Moses(the first volume) in the Old Testament mentions how god created the world in 6 old age and rested on the 7th, the first man and woman Adam and Eve. In the book of Proverbs it says obey your parents, avoid sin, be loyal and faithful, be rational avoid adultery, dont be lazy, be honest, be generous.The Revelation of Jesus Christ is the last volume in the New Testament. Mentions the teaching of Jesus Christ. It contains other ethical values taught by Jesus such as humility, friendliness, patience, fairness, moderation, consideration for others.Terms in Bible Read -up page 70Bible God Man heaven Sin Hell Jesus ChristChristian Festivals read up page 71Refer t o the text book from pages 72 to 96 on these religions.BuddhismHinduismTaoismConfucianismSikhismNative beliefsENDCHAPTER 4THE MORAL PERSONThe concept of moral will be looked at in 3 aspects Moral contentMoral formMoral dimensionA) Moral contentRefer to rules of society and human characteristics. Under the rules of society, there are certain restraints on their freedom to act in order that the safety and human rights of others can be protected. These rules are compiled from old and new knowledge and experience in human life.The moral issues experienced first by an individual are the customary rules and regulations that form the mores of a society. These customs are validated by a human group.It refers to standards or rules of our ancestors. An individual accepts and acts accordingly because they are prescribed norms. They cannot be disobeyed or challenged. Expected to behave within the boundaries of customer morality.Reflective morality calls for reasoning and consideration of the in dividual. This leads to the formation of specific criteria to judge the way to actThe difference between customer morality and reflective morality is not what is believed but the reason that belief is preservedRules of society can be put into 10 points improve the standard of living of the peopledevelop the intellectual capacity of the people so that they can function more effectivelyprotect human lifedefend human rights and peoples welfareprevent degradation in behaviour and morals of the society modify conditions in the societymaintain peace in the societycreate and preserve social orderpreserve social harmony10) save time and effort when making decisions for oneself or other people.Human characteristics can be applied toIntrinsic motivation not to do something in a certain way, ex reluctance to break or promise, or hurt person and reluctance to help someone in need.Feeling of guilt and disapproval when an individual acts in a manner contrary to his own intrinsic motivation.Beli eved importance conduct brought about by intrinsic motivation is considered very important to an individual to the extent that he feels it should become part of his nature.Admiration or esteem Opposed to the negative attitude one has for people lacking in moral motivation is feeling of admiration and esteem for someone who has done something extraordinary in he moral sense.Special terminology A person hap it difficult to or does not know how to communicate his motivation, action or feelings.Believed justification must have justification for his motivation, sinful feeling, disagreeable attitude and admiration.B) Moral forms You are offered a high position in a government department that is riddled with corruption. If you try to oppose the corrupt system they expel you and step in you with someone new. In such a situation, is it right for you to accept the offer ?How do you resolve the moral conflict or dilemma ?Using your apprehension and referring to societal rulesConsider m oral principles which you consistently usesArrange the principles in a hierarchy so that one of more basic moral principles can be used as a tool to justify other moral principlesMake sure the principles in No 4 do not conflict with each other.Read-up on Principalistic Ethics Form and Situational Ethics Form page 106-107.Moral Dimensions can be broken into 3 factors reasoning feeling and performance. Refer to the diagram on page 108/109Moral reasoning to think and judge rationally and freely.Moral feeling love, compassion, sympathy.Moral performance to conduct oneself that is morally correct.Moral Agent and Recipient and Ethical Dimensions -page 110CHAPTER 5SOLVING MORAL CONFLICTTypes of conflicts that may arise A type of right may smash with another type of right, or a kind of freedom may clash with another type of freedom. BN and PKRconflict may arise between one person and anotherrights, utility, happiness, freedom and justice conflict arises between various values and con cerns.Ethical ConflictEgoism and general utility egoism can be seen when ones life is delightful (self or own interest) and general utility refers to interest or welfare of others rather than self.Happiness and duty good or bad (good for self but bad for others) right or wrong (right decision for self but wrong decision for others)Normative Conflict in Social Philosophy related to freedom, justice, rights, law and sovereignty. Some of these conflicts can be categorized as Conflict between justice and social utility many groups in society can be said to be very costly, ex children, the elderly and handicapped. They incur greater cost than benefits they bring. By reducing these cost, we are denying these group of people from a full share of benefits seems unjust / wrong. Education, medical treatment and special care should be considered. It is clear that the cost of the expenditure is higher than the benefits derived from them. In a situation like this, justice and utility confli ct.2) Rights and Freedom a woman has the right to have as many children as she likes, but the UN Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that it is the right of every children to have nutritious food and medical care. To maintain that right, only mothe